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Packageuz.dhp.core
Resource TypeConceptMap
IdConceptMap-lab-units-to-ucum-cm.json
FHIR VersionR5
Sourcehttps://build.fhir.org/ig/uzinfocom-org/digital-health-ig/ConceptMap-lab-units-to-ucum-cm.html
URLhttps://terminology.dhp.uz/fhir/core/ConceptMap/lab-units-to-ucum-cm
Version0.6.0
Statusdraft
Date2026-07-30T04:30:14+00:00
NameLabUnitsToUCUM
TitleLaboratory source system units to UCUM
DescriptionMaps the units of measure sent by laboratory information systems in Uzbekistan to UCUM. Source spellings that denote a real unit map to the corresponding UCUM code; counts that UCUM cannot express dimensionally (per high-power field, copies, optical density) map to UCUM annotations; entries that are not units at all carry noMap. A handful of source strings are too ambiguous to map safely and are deliberately absent - they are listed in the LabUnitsCS notes and need clarification from the source system.

Resources that use this resource

No resources found


Resources that this resource uses

CodeSystem
hl7.fhir.uv.xver-r5.r4.r4#0.0.1-snapshot-2unitsofmeasure.orgUnified Code for Units of Measure (UCUM)
uz.dhp.core#currentlab-units-csLaboratory source system units of measure
ValueSet
hl7.terminology#currentucum-commonCommon UCUM units
uz.dhp.core#currentlab-units-vsLaboratory source system units of measure

Narrative

Note: links and images are rebased to the (stated) source


English


Generated Narrative: ConceptMap lab-units-to-ucum-cm

Mapping from Laboratory source system units of measure to Common UCUM units


Mapping from Laboratory source system units of measureversion: 0.6.0) to UCUM

Source CodeRelationshipTarget CodeComment
mcg/dlis equivalent toug/dL (microgram per deciliter)
10^12/Lis equivalent to10*12/L (trillion per liter)10^ and 10* are both valid UCUM; 10* is the form carried by ucum-common
mmol/lis equivalent tommol/L (millimole per liter)
mlU/mLis equivalent tom[IU]/mL (milli-international unit per milliliter)Source spells mIU with a lowercase L
yris equivalent toa (year)
KPis related to{index} (index)Koeffitsient pozitivnosti (positivity index); dimensionless, annotation only
nmol/lis equivalent tonmol/L (nanomole per liter)
Копий/10^5 клетокis equivalent to{copies}/10*5{cell} (copies per 100000 cells)
(not mapped)
minis equivalent tomin (minute)
Mcg/mlis equivalent toug/mL (microgram per milliliter)
g/lis equivalent tog/L (gram per liter)
mg/%is equivalent tomg/dL (milligram per deciliter)mg% is milligrams per 100 mL
EIUis related to[ELU] (ELISA unit)Assumed ELISA unit; confirm with the source system
mklis equivalent touL (microliter)
ug/dLis equivalent toug/dL (microgram per deciliter)
secis equivalent tos (second)
mg/lis equivalent tomg/L (milligram per liter)
п/зis equivalent to{per_HPF} (per high-power field)Per high-power field; UCUM has no HPF unit, so this is an annotation and carries no dimension
Mcg/lis equivalent toug/L (microgram per liter)
mkmol/lis equivalent toumol/L (micromole per liter)
yed/mlis equivalent toU/mL (unit per milliliter)ed/ml (enzyme units per millilitre)
mmol/Lis equivalent tommol/L (millimole per liter)
минутis equivalent tomin (minute)
me/lis equivalent to[IU]/L (international unit per liter)ME/l (international units per litre)
U/mlis equivalent toU/mL (unit per milliliter)
IU/mlis equivalent to[IU]/mL (international unit per milliliter)
yed/lis equivalent toU/L (unit per liter)
IU/Lis equivalent to[IU]/L (international unit per liter)
в п/зрis equivalent to{per_HPF} (per high-power field)
AU/mlis equivalent to[arb'U]/mL (arbitrary unit per milliliter)Arbitrary (antibody) units. Bare AU in UCUM is the astronomic unit
RH(not mapped)
µmol/lis equivalent toumol/L (micromole per liter)The micro sign U+00B5 is not valid UCUM; UCUM uses ASCII u
MYe/mlis related to[IU]/mL (international unit per milliliter)Assumed a transliteration of ME/ml; confirm with the source system
mlU/mlis equivalent tom[IU]/mL (milli-international unit per milliliter)Source spells mIU with a lowercase L
Me/lis equivalent to[IU]/L (international unit per liter)
pmol/Lis equivalent topmol/L (picomole per liter)
GE/mlis related to{copies}/mL (copies per milliliter)Genome equivalents per millilitre
pg/mlis equivalent topg/mL (picogram per milliliter)
pgis equivalent topg (picogram)
mmol/dis equivalent tommol/d (millimole per day)
Mmol/Dis equivalent tommol/d (millimole per day)M is the mega prefix and D is not a UCUM unit
sekis equivalent tos (second)
mkg/mlis equivalent toug/mL (microgram per milliliter)
Mlis equivalent tomL (milliliter)Ml is the megalitre in UCUM: a 10^6 error if taken literally
dayis equivalent tod (day)
mlis equivalent tomL (milliliter)
+(not mapped)
µmol/Lis equivalent toumol/L (micromole per liter)
text(not mapped)
10^3/mlis equivalent to10*3/mL (thousand per milliliter)
fLis equivalent tofL (femtoliter)
mg/Lis equivalent tomg/L (milligram per liter)
ng/mLis equivalent tong/mL (nanogram per milliliter)
mm/his equivalent tomm/h (millimeter per hour)
G/Lis equivalent to10*9/L (billion per liter)G is giga (10^9) here. Bare G in UCUM is the gauss
pHis equivalent to[pH] (pH)Unbracketed pH parses as picohenry
mg/dLis equivalent tomg/dL (milligram per deciliter)
Mk ME/mlis equivalent tou[IU]/mL (micro-international unit per milliliter)mkME/ml (micro-international units per millilitre)
nmol/Lis equivalent tonmol/L (nanomole per liter)
ng/dlis equivalent tong/dL (nanogram per deciliter)
ml%is related tomL/dL (milliliter per deciliter)Volumes percent (ob.%): millilitres per 100 mL
mkg/lis equivalent toug/L (microgram per liter)
U/Lis equivalent toU/L (unit per liter)
mIU/mLis equivalent tom[IU]/mL (milli-international unit per milliliter)
10^9/Lis equivalent to10*9/L (billion per liter)
μg/dLis equivalent toug/dL (microgram per deciliter)The Greek letter mu U+03BC is not valid UCUM; UCUM uses ASCII u
+/-(not mapped)
Klet./mklis equivalent to{cell}/uL (cells per microliter)klet./mkl (cells per microlitre)
ug/dlis equivalent toug/dL (microgram per deciliter)
mIU/mlis equivalent tom[IU]/mL (milli-international unit per milliliter)
мклis equivalent touL (microliter)
,(not mapped)
Me/mlis equivalent to[IU]/mL (international unit per milliliter)
.(not mapped)
ratiois equivalent to{ratio} (ratio)Dimensionless; annotation only
pg/mLis equivalent topg/mL (picogram per milliliter)
ng/mlis equivalent tong/mL (nanogram per milliliter)
mmol/his equivalent tommol/h (millimole per hour)
mkmol/Lis equivalent toumol/L (micromole per liter)
IU/mLis equivalent to[IU]/mL (international unit per milliliter)
cmis equivalent tocm (centimeter)
uU/mlis equivalent touU/mL (microunit per milliliter)
Mg/lis equivalent tomg/L (milligram per liter)Mg is the megagram in UCUM: a 10^6 error if taken literally
%is equivalent to% (percent)
в п/зis equivalent to{per_HPF} (per high-power field)
numberis related to{count} (count)Dimensionless count; annotation only
ml/minis equivalent tomL/min (milliliter per minute)
ME/mlis equivalent to[IU]/mL (international unit per milliliter)
mIU/Lis equivalent tom[IU]/L (milli-international unit per liter)
Mmol/Lis equivalent tommol/L (millimole per liter)Mmol is the megamole in UCUM: a 10^6 error if taken literally
Uis equivalent toU (unit)
f/lis related tofL (femtoliter)Assumed femtolitre (MCV); confirm with the source system
PHis equivalent to[pH] (pH)Unbracketed PH parses as petahenry
секis equivalent tos (second)
AU/mLis equivalent to[arb'U]/mL (arbitrary unit per milliliter)
У. е.is equivalent to[arb'U] (arbitrary unit)uslovnaya edinitsa (conventional unit)
S/COis equivalent to{S/CO} (signal to cutoff ratio)Signal-to-cutoff ratio; dimensionless, annotation only
mME/mlis related tom[IU]/mL (milli-international unit per milliliter)Assumed mME/ml; confirm with the source system
10^g/Lis related to10*9/L (billion per liter)Assumed a typo for 10^9/L; confirm with the source system
OPis equivalent to{OD_unit} (optical density unit)Optical density
lgis related to{log10} (log10)Base-10 logarithm of a titre; annotation only
на 100 лейк.is equivalent to/100{WBC} (per 100 white blood cells)
10*9/Lis equivalent to10*9/L (billion per liter)
Ng/mlis equivalent tong/mL (nanogram per milliliter)N is the nano prefix in lowercase
mmol/spermis related tommol/{sperm} (millimole per sperm sample)Annotation preserves the source term; confirm the denominator (per ejaculate or per mL)

Russian


Сгенерированный нарратив: ConceptMap lab-units-to-ucum-cm

Сопоставление с Laboratory source system units of measure до Common UCUM units


Сопоставление с Laboratory source system units of measureверсия: 0.6.0) to UCUM

Исходный кодОтношенияЦелевой кодКомментарий
mcg/dlis equivalent toug/dL (microgram per deciliter)
10^12/Lis equivalent to10*12/L (trillion per liter)10^ and 10* are both valid UCUM; 10* is the form carried by ucum-common
mmol/lis equivalent tommol/L (millimole per liter)
mlU/mLis equivalent tom[IU]/mL (milli-international unit per milliliter)Source spells mIU with a lowercase L
yris equivalent toa (year)
KPis related to{index} (index)Koeffitsient pozitivnosti (positivity index); dimensionless, annotation only
nmol/lis equivalent tonmol/L (nanomole per liter)
Копий/10^5 клетокis equivalent to{copies}/10*5{cell} (copies per 100000 cells)
(not mapped)
minis equivalent tomin (minute)
Mcg/mlis equivalent toug/mL (microgram per milliliter)
g/lis equivalent tog/L (gram per liter)
mg/%is equivalent tomg/dL (milligram per deciliter)mg% is milligrams per 100 mL
EIUis related to[ELU] (ELISA unit)Assumed ELISA unit; confirm with the source system
mklis equivalent touL (microliter)
ug/dLis equivalent toug/dL (microgram per deciliter)
secis equivalent tos (second)
mg/lis equivalent tomg/L (milligram per liter)
п/зis equivalent to{per_HPF} (per high-power field)Per high-power field; UCUM has no HPF unit, so this is an annotation and carries no dimension
Mcg/lis equivalent toug/L (microgram per liter)
mkmol/lis equivalent toumol/L (micromole per liter)
yed/mlis equivalent toU/mL (unit per milliliter)ed/ml (enzyme units per millilitre)
mmol/Lis equivalent tommol/L (millimole per liter)
минутis equivalent tomin (minute)
me/lis equivalent to[IU]/L (international unit per liter)ME/l (international units per litre)
U/mlis equivalent toU/mL (unit per milliliter)
IU/mlis equivalent to[IU]/mL (international unit per milliliter)
yed/lis equivalent toU/L (unit per liter)
IU/Lis equivalent to[IU]/L (international unit per liter)
в п/зрis equivalent to{per_HPF} (per high-power field)
AU/mlis equivalent to[arb'U]/mL (arbitrary unit per milliliter)Arbitrary (antibody) units. Bare AU in UCUM is the astronomic unit
RH(not mapped)
µmol/lis equivalent toumol/L (micromole per liter)The micro sign U+00B5 is not valid UCUM; UCUM uses ASCII u
MYe/mlis related to[IU]/mL (international unit per milliliter)Assumed a transliteration of ME/ml; confirm with the source system
mlU/mlis equivalent tom[IU]/mL (milli-international unit per milliliter)Source spells mIU with a lowercase L
Me/lis equivalent to[IU]/L (international unit per liter)
pmol/Lis equivalent topmol/L (picomole per liter)
GE/mlis related to{copies}/mL (copies per milliliter)Genome equivalents per millilitre
pg/mlis equivalent topg/mL (picogram per milliliter)
pgis equivalent topg (picogram)
mmol/dis equivalent tommol/d (millimole per day)
Mmol/Dis equivalent tommol/d (millimole per day)M is the mega prefix and D is not a UCUM unit
sekis equivalent tos (second)
mkg/mlis equivalent toug/mL (microgram per milliliter)
Mlis equivalent tomL (milliliter)Ml is the megalitre in UCUM: a 10^6 error if taken literally
dayis equivalent tod (day)
mlis equivalent tomL (milliliter)
+(not mapped)
µmol/Lis equivalent toumol/L (micromole per liter)
text(not mapped)
10^3/mlis equivalent to10*3/mL (thousand per milliliter)
fLis equivalent tofL (femtoliter)
mg/Lis equivalent tomg/L (milligram per liter)
ng/mLis equivalent tong/mL (nanogram per milliliter)
mm/his equivalent tomm/h (millimeter per hour)
G/Lis equivalent to10*9/L (billion per liter)G is giga (10^9) here. Bare G in UCUM is the gauss
pHis equivalent to[pH] (pH)Unbracketed pH parses as picohenry
mg/dLis equivalent tomg/dL (milligram per deciliter)
Mk ME/mlis equivalent tou[IU]/mL (micro-international unit per milliliter)mkME/ml (micro-international units per millilitre)
nmol/Lis equivalent tonmol/L (nanomole per liter)
ng/dlis equivalent tong/dL (nanogram per deciliter)
ml%is related tomL/dL (milliliter per deciliter)Volumes percent (ob.%): millilitres per 100 mL
mkg/lis equivalent toug/L (microgram per liter)
U/Lis equivalent toU/L (unit per liter)
mIU/mLis equivalent tom[IU]/mL (milli-international unit per milliliter)
10^9/Lis equivalent to10*9/L (billion per liter)
μg/dLis equivalent toug/dL (microgram per deciliter)The Greek letter mu U+03BC is not valid UCUM; UCUM uses ASCII u
+/-(not mapped)
Klet./mklis equivalent to{cell}/uL (cells per microliter)klet./mkl (cells per microlitre)
ug/dlis equivalent toug/dL (microgram per deciliter)
mIU/mlis equivalent tom[IU]/mL (milli-international unit per milliliter)
мклis equivalent touL (microliter)
,(not mapped)
Me/mlis equivalent to[IU]/mL (international unit per milliliter)
.(not mapped)
ratiois equivalent to{ratio} (ratio)Dimensionless; annotation only
pg/mLis equivalent topg/mL (picogram per milliliter)
ng/mlis equivalent tong/mL (nanogram per milliliter)
mmol/his equivalent tommol/h (millimole per hour)
mkmol/Lis equivalent toumol/L (micromole per liter)
IU/mLis equivalent to[IU]/mL (international unit per milliliter)
cmis equivalent tocm (centimeter)
uU/mlis equivalent touU/mL (microunit per milliliter)
Mg/lis equivalent tomg/L (milligram per liter)Mg is the megagram in UCUM: a 10^6 error if taken literally
%is equivalent to% (percent)
в п/зis equivalent to{per_HPF} (per high-power field)
numberis related to{count} (count)Dimensionless count; annotation only
ml/minis equivalent tomL/min (milliliter per minute)
ME/mlis equivalent to[IU]/mL (international unit per milliliter)
mIU/Lis equivalent tom[IU]/L (milli-international unit per liter)
Mmol/Lis equivalent tommol/L (millimole per liter)Mmol is the megamole in UCUM: a 10^6 error if taken literally
Uis equivalent toU (unit)
f/lis related tofL (femtoliter)Assumed femtolitre (MCV); confirm with the source system
PHis equivalent to[pH] (pH)Unbracketed PH parses as petahenry
секis equivalent tos (second)
AU/mLis equivalent to[arb'U]/mL (arbitrary unit per milliliter)
У. е.is equivalent to[arb'U] (arbitrary unit)uslovnaya edinitsa (conventional unit)
S/COis equivalent to{S/CO} (signal to cutoff ratio)Signal-to-cutoff ratio; dimensionless, annotation only
mME/mlis related tom[IU]/mL (milli-international unit per milliliter)Assumed mME/ml; confirm with the source system
10^g/Lis related to10*9/L (billion per liter)Assumed a typo for 10^9/L; confirm with the source system
OPis equivalent to{OD_unit} (optical density unit)Optical density
lgis related to{log10} (log10)Base-10 logarithm of a titre; annotation only
на 100 лейк.is equivalent to/100{WBC} (per 100 white blood cells)
10*9/Lis equivalent to10*9/L (billion per liter)
Ng/mlis equivalent tong/mL (nanogram per milliliter)N is the nano prefix in lowercase
mmol/spermis related tommol/{sperm} (millimole per sperm sample)Annotation preserves the source term; confirm the denominator (per ejaculate or per mL)

Uzbek


Generated Narrative: ConceptMap lab-units-to-ucum-cm

Mapping from Laboratory source system units of measure to Common UCUM units


Mapping from Laboratory source system units of measureversion: 0.6.0) to UCUM

Source CodeRelationshipTarget CodeComment
mcg/dlis equivalent toug/dL (microgram per deciliter)
10^12/Lis equivalent to10*12/L (trillion per liter)10^ and 10* are both valid UCUM; 10* is the form carried by ucum-common
mmol/lis equivalent tommol/L (millimole per liter)
mlU/mLis equivalent tom[IU]/mL (milli-international unit per milliliter)Source spells mIU with a lowercase L
yris equivalent toa (year)
KPis related to{index} (index)Koeffitsient pozitivnosti (positivity index); dimensionless, annotation only
nmol/lis equivalent tonmol/L (nanomole per liter)
Копий/10^5 клетокis equivalent to{copies}/10*5{cell} (copies per 100000 cells)
(not mapped)
minis equivalent tomin (minute)
Mcg/mlis equivalent toug/mL (microgram per milliliter)
g/lis equivalent tog/L (gram per liter)
mg/%is equivalent tomg/dL (milligram per deciliter)mg% is milligrams per 100 mL
EIUis related to[ELU] (ELISA unit)Assumed ELISA unit; confirm with the source system
mklis equivalent touL (microliter)
ug/dLis equivalent toug/dL (microgram per deciliter)
secis equivalent tos (second)
mg/lis equivalent tomg/L (milligram per liter)
п/зis equivalent to{per_HPF} (per high-power field)Per high-power field; UCUM has no HPF unit, so this is an annotation and carries no dimension
Mcg/lis equivalent toug/L (microgram per liter)
mkmol/lis equivalent toumol/L (micromole per liter)
yed/mlis equivalent toU/mL (unit per milliliter)ed/ml (enzyme units per millilitre)
mmol/Lis equivalent tommol/L (millimole per liter)
минутis equivalent tomin (minute)
me/lis equivalent to[IU]/L (international unit per liter)ME/l (international units per litre)
U/mlis equivalent toU/mL (unit per milliliter)
IU/mlis equivalent to[IU]/mL (international unit per milliliter)
yed/lis equivalent toU/L (unit per liter)
IU/Lis equivalent to[IU]/L (international unit per liter)
в п/зрis equivalent to{per_HPF} (per high-power field)
AU/mlis equivalent to[arb'U]/mL (arbitrary unit per milliliter)Arbitrary (antibody) units. Bare AU in UCUM is the astronomic unit
RH(not mapped)
µmol/lis equivalent toumol/L (micromole per liter)The micro sign U+00B5 is not valid UCUM; UCUM uses ASCII u
MYe/mlis related to[IU]/mL (international unit per milliliter)Assumed a transliteration of ME/ml; confirm with the source system
mlU/mlis equivalent tom[IU]/mL (milli-international unit per milliliter)Source spells mIU with a lowercase L
Me/lis equivalent to[IU]/L (international unit per liter)
pmol/Lis equivalent topmol/L (picomole per liter)
GE/mlis related to{copies}/mL (copies per milliliter)Genome equivalents per millilitre
pg/mlis equivalent topg/mL (picogram per milliliter)
pgis equivalent topg (picogram)
mmol/dis equivalent tommol/d (millimole per day)
Mmol/Dis equivalent tommol/d (millimole per day)M is the mega prefix and D is not a UCUM unit
sekis equivalent tos (second)
mkg/mlis equivalent toug/mL (microgram per milliliter)
Mlis equivalent tomL (milliliter)Ml is the megalitre in UCUM: a 10^6 error if taken literally
dayis equivalent tod (day)
mlis equivalent tomL (milliliter)
+(not mapped)
µmol/Lis equivalent toumol/L (micromole per liter)
text(not mapped)
10^3/mlis equivalent to10*3/mL (thousand per milliliter)
fLis equivalent tofL (femtoliter)
mg/Lis equivalent tomg/L (milligram per liter)
ng/mLis equivalent tong/mL (nanogram per milliliter)
mm/his equivalent tomm/h (millimeter per hour)
G/Lis equivalent to10*9/L (billion per liter)G is giga (10^9) here. Bare G in UCUM is the gauss
pHis equivalent to[pH] (pH)Unbracketed pH parses as picohenry
mg/dLis equivalent tomg/dL (milligram per deciliter)
Mk ME/mlis equivalent tou[IU]/mL (micro-international unit per milliliter)mkME/ml (micro-international units per millilitre)
nmol/Lis equivalent tonmol/L (nanomole per liter)
ng/dlis equivalent tong/dL (nanogram per deciliter)
ml%is related tomL/dL (milliliter per deciliter)Volumes percent (ob.%): millilitres per 100 mL
mkg/lis equivalent toug/L (microgram per liter)
U/Lis equivalent toU/L (unit per liter)
mIU/mLis equivalent tom[IU]/mL (milli-international unit per milliliter)
10^9/Lis equivalent to10*9/L (billion per liter)
μg/dLis equivalent toug/dL (microgram per deciliter)The Greek letter mu U+03BC is not valid UCUM; UCUM uses ASCII u
+/-(not mapped)
Klet./mklis equivalent to{cell}/uL (cells per microliter)klet./mkl (cells per microlitre)
ug/dlis equivalent toug/dL (microgram per deciliter)
mIU/mlis equivalent tom[IU]/mL (milli-international unit per milliliter)
мклis equivalent touL (microliter)
,(not mapped)
Me/mlis equivalent to[IU]/mL (international unit per milliliter)
.(not mapped)
ratiois equivalent to{ratio} (ratio)Dimensionless; annotation only
pg/mLis equivalent topg/mL (picogram per milliliter)
ng/mlis equivalent tong/mL (nanogram per milliliter)
mmol/his equivalent tommol/h (millimole per hour)
mkmol/Lis equivalent toumol/L (micromole per liter)
IU/mLis equivalent to[IU]/mL (international unit per milliliter)
cmis equivalent tocm (centimeter)
uU/mlis equivalent touU/mL (microunit per milliliter)
Mg/lis equivalent tomg/L (milligram per liter)Mg is the megagram in UCUM: a 10^6 error if taken literally
%is equivalent to% (percent)
в п/зis equivalent to{per_HPF} (per high-power field)
numberis related to{count} (count)Dimensionless count; annotation only
ml/minis equivalent tomL/min (milliliter per minute)
ME/mlis equivalent to[IU]/mL (international unit per milliliter)
mIU/Lis equivalent tom[IU]/L (milli-international unit per liter)
Mmol/Lis equivalent tommol/L (millimole per liter)Mmol is the megamole in UCUM: a 10^6 error if taken literally
Uis equivalent toU (unit)
f/lis related tofL (femtoliter)Assumed femtolitre (MCV); confirm with the source system
PHis equivalent to[pH] (pH)Unbracketed PH parses as petahenry
секis equivalent tos (second)
AU/mLis equivalent to[arb'U]/mL (arbitrary unit per milliliter)
У. е.is equivalent to[arb'U] (arbitrary unit)uslovnaya edinitsa (conventional unit)
S/COis equivalent to{S/CO} (signal to cutoff ratio)Signal-to-cutoff ratio; dimensionless, annotation only
mME/mlis related tom[IU]/mL (milli-international unit per milliliter)Assumed mME/ml; confirm with the source system
10^g/Lis related to10*9/L (billion per liter)Assumed a typo for 10^9/L; confirm with the source system
OPis equivalent to{OD_unit} (optical density unit)Optical density
lgis related to{log10} (log10)Base-10 logarithm of a titre; annotation only
на 100 лейк.is equivalent to/100{WBC} (per 100 white blood cells)
10*9/Lis equivalent to10*9/L (billion per liter)
Ng/mlis equivalent tong/mL (nanogram per milliliter)N is the nano prefix in lowercase
mmol/spermis related tommol/{sperm} (millimole per sperm sample)Annotation preserves the source term; confirm the denominator (per ejaculate or per mL)

Source1

{
  "resourceType": "ConceptMap",
  "id": "lab-units-to-ucum-cm",
  "text": {
    "status": "generated",
    "div": "<!-- snip (see above) -->"
  },
  "url": "https://terminology.dhp.uz/fhir/core/ConceptMap/lab-units-to-ucum-cm",
  "version": "0.6.0",
  "name": "LabUnitsToUCUM",
  "title": "Laboratory source system units to UCUM",
  "status": "draft",
  "experimental": false,
  "date": "2026-07-30T04:30:14+00:00",
  "publisher": "Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan",
  "_publisher": {
    "extension": [
      {
        "extension": [
          {
            "url": "lang",
            "valueCode": "uz"
          },
          {
            "url": "content",
            "valueString": "O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Sog‘liqni saqlash vazirligi"
          }
        ],
        "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/translation"
      },
      {
        "extension": [
          {
            "url": "lang",
            "valueCode": "ru"
          },
          {
            "url": "content",
            "valueString": "Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan"
          }
        ],
        "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/translation"
      }
    ]
  },
  "contact": [
    {
      "name": "Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan",
      "telecom": [
        {
          "system": "url",
          "value": "https://gov.uz/en/ssv"
        },
        {
          "system": "email",
          "value": "info@ssv.uz"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "description": "Maps the units of measure sent by laboratory information systems in Uzbekistan to UCUM. Source spellings that denote a real unit map to the corresponding UCUM code; counts that UCUM cannot express dimensionally (per high-power field, copies, optical density) map to UCUM annotations; entries that are not units at all carry noMap. A handful of source strings are too ambiguous to map safely and are deliberately absent - they are listed in the LabUnitsCS notes and need clarification from the source system.",
  "jurisdiction": [
    {
      "coding": [
        {
          "system": "urn:iso:std:iso:3166",
          "code": "UZ",
          "display": "Uzbekistan"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sourceScopeCanonical": "https://terminology.dhp.uz/fhir/core/ValueSet/lab-units-vs|0.6.0",
  "targetScopeCanonical": "http://terminology.hl7.org/ValueSet/ucum-common|1.0.0",
  "group": [
    {
      "source": "https://terminology.dhp.uz/fhir/core/CodeSystem/lab-units-cs|0.6.0",
      "target": "http://unitsofmeasure.org",
      "element": [
        {
          "code": "mcg/dl",
          "display": "mcg/dl",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "ug/dL",
              "display": "microgram per deciliter",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "10^12/L",
          "display": "10^12/L",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "10*12/L",
              "display": "trillion per liter",
              "relationship": "equivalent",
              "comment": "10^ and 10* are both valid UCUM; 10* is the form carried by ucum-common"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "mmol/l",
          "display": "mmol/l",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "mmol/L",
              "display": "millimole per liter",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "mlU/mL",
          "display": "mlU/mL",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "m[IU]/mL",
              "display": "milli-international unit per milliliter",
              "relationship": "equivalent",
              "comment": "Source spells mIU with a lowercase L"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "yr",
          "display": "yr",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "a",
              "display": "year",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "KP",
          "display": "KP",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "{index}",
              "display": "index",
              "relationship": "related-to",
              "comment": "Koeffitsient pozitivnosti (positivity index); dimensionless, annotation only"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "nmol/l",
          "display": "nmol/l",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "nmol/L",
              "display": "nanomole per liter",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "Копий/10^5 клеток",
          "display": "Копий/10^5 клеток",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "{copies}/10*5{cell}",
              "display": "copies per 100000 cells",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "№",
          "display": "№",
          "noMap": true
        },
        {
          "code": "min",
          "display": "min",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "min",
              "display": "minute",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "Mcg/ml",
          "display": "Mcg/ml",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "ug/mL",
              "display": "microgram per milliliter",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "g/l",
          "display": "g/l",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "g/L",
              "display": "gram per liter",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "mg/%",
          "display": "mg/%",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "mg/dL",
              "display": "milligram per deciliter",
              "relationship": "equivalent",
              "comment": "mg% is milligrams per 100 mL"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "EIU",
          "display": "EIU",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "[ELU]",
              "display": "ELISA unit",
              "relationship": "related-to",
              "comment": "Assumed ELISA unit; confirm with the source system"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "mkl",
          "display": "mkl",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "uL",
              "display": "microliter",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "ug/dL",
          "display": "ug/dL",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "ug/dL",
              "display": "microgram per deciliter",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "sec",
          "display": "sec",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "s",
              "display": "second",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "mg/l",
          "display": "mg/l",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "mg/L",
              "display": "milligram per liter",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "п/з",
          "display": "п/з",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "{per_HPF}",
              "display": "per high-power field",
              "relationship": "equivalent",
              "comment": "Per high-power field; UCUM has no HPF unit, so this is an annotation and carries no dimension"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "Mcg/l",
          "display": "Mcg/l",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "ug/L",
              "display": "microgram per liter",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "mkmol/l",
          "display": "mkmol/l",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "umol/L",
              "display": "micromole per liter",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "yed/ml",
          "display": "yed/ml",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "U/mL",
              "display": "unit per milliliter",
              "relationship": "equivalent",
              "comment": "ed/ml (enzyme units per millilitre)"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "mmol/L",
          "display": "mmol/L",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "mmol/L",
              "display": "millimole per liter",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "минут",
          "display": "минут",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "min",
              "display": "minute",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "me/l",
          "display": "me/l",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "[IU]/L",
              "display": "international unit per liter",
              "relationship": "equivalent",
              "comment": "ME/l (international units per litre)"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "U/ml",
          "display": "U/ml",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "U/mL",
              "display": "unit per milliliter",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "IU/ml",
          "display": "IU/ml",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "[IU]/mL",
              "display": "international unit per milliliter",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "yed/l",
          "display": "yed/l",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "U/L",
              "display": "unit per liter",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "IU/L",
          "display": "IU/L",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "[IU]/L",
              "display": "international unit per liter",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "в п/зр",
          "display": "в п/зр",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "{per_HPF}",
              "display": "per high-power field",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "AU/ml",
          "display": "AU/ml",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "[arb'U]/mL",
              "display": "arbitrary unit per milliliter",
              "relationship": "equivalent",
              "comment": "Arbitrary (antibody) units. Bare AU in UCUM is the astronomic unit"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "RH",
          "display": "RH",
          "noMap": true
        },
        {
          "code": "µmol/l",
          "display": "µmol/l",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "umol/L",
              "display": "micromole per liter",
              "relationship": "equivalent",
              "comment": "The micro sign U+00B5 is not valid UCUM; UCUM uses ASCII u"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "MYe/ml",
          "display": "MYe/ml",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "[IU]/mL",
              "display": "international unit per milliliter",
              "relationship": "related-to",
              "comment": "Assumed a transliteration of ME/ml; confirm with the source system"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "mlU/ml",
          "display": "mlU/ml",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "m[IU]/mL",
              "display": "milli-international unit per milliliter",
              "relationship": "equivalent",
              "comment": "Source spells mIU with a lowercase L"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "Me/l",
          "display": "Me/l",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "[IU]/L",
              "display": "international unit per liter",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "pmol/L",
          "display": "pmol/L",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "pmol/L",
              "display": "picomole per liter",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "GE/ml",
          "display": "GE/ml",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "{copies}/mL",
              "display": "copies per milliliter",
              "relationship": "related-to",
              "comment": "Genome equivalents per millilitre"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "pg/ml",
          "display": "pg/ml",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "pg/mL",
              "display": "picogram per milliliter",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "pg",
          "display": "pg",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "pg",
              "display": "picogram",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "mmol/d",
          "display": "mmol/d",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "mmol/d",
              "display": "millimole per day",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "Mmol/D",
          "display": "Mmol/D",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "mmol/d",
              "display": "millimole per day",
              "relationship": "equivalent",
              "comment": "M is the mega prefix and D is not a UCUM unit"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "sek",
          "display": "sek",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "s",
              "display": "second",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "mkg/ml",
          "display": "mkg/ml",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "ug/mL",
              "display": "microgram per milliliter",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "Ml",
          "display": "Ml",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "mL",
              "display": "milliliter",
              "relationship": "equivalent",
              "comment": "Ml is the megalitre in UCUM: a 10^6 error if taken literally"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "day",
          "display": "day",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "d",
              "display": "day",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "ml",
          "display": "ml",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "mL",
              "display": "milliliter",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "+",
          "display": "+",
          "noMap": true
        },
        {
          "code": "µmol/L",
          "display": "µmol/L",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "umol/L",
              "display": "micromole per liter",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "text",
          "display": "text",
          "noMap": true
        },
        {
          "code": "10^3/ml",
          "display": "10^3/ml",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "10*3/mL",
              "display": "thousand per milliliter",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "fL",
          "display": "fL",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "fL",
              "display": "femtoliter",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "mg/L",
          "display": "mg/L",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "mg/L",
              "display": "milligram per liter",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "ng/mL",
          "display": "ng/mL",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "ng/mL",
              "display": "nanogram per milliliter",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "mm/h",
          "display": "mm/h",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "mm/h",
              "display": "millimeter per hour",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "G/L",
          "display": "G/L",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "10*9/L",
              "display": "billion per liter",
              "relationship": "equivalent",
              "comment": "G is giga (10^9) here. Bare G in UCUM is the gauss"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "pH",
          "display": "pH",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "[pH]",
              "display": "pH",
              "relationship": "equivalent",
              "comment": "Unbracketed pH parses as picohenry"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "mg/dL",
          "display": "mg/dL",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "mg/dL",
              "display": "milligram per deciliter",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "Mk ME/ml",
          "display": "Mk ME/ml",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "u[IU]/mL",
              "display": "micro-international unit per milliliter",
              "relationship": "equivalent",
              "comment": "mkME/ml (micro-international units per millilitre)"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "nmol/L",
          "display": "nmol/L",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "nmol/L",
              "display": "nanomole per liter",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "ng/dl",
          "display": "ng/dl",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "ng/dL",
              "display": "nanogram per deciliter",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "ml%",
          "display": "ml%",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "mL/dL",
              "display": "milliliter per deciliter",
              "relationship": "related-to",
              "comment": "Volumes percent (ob.%): millilitres per 100 mL"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "mkg/l",
          "display": "mkg/l",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "ug/L",
              "display": "microgram per liter",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "U/L",
          "display": "U/L",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "U/L",
              "display": "unit per liter",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "mIU/mL",
          "display": "mIU/mL",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "m[IU]/mL",
              "display": "milli-international unit per milliliter",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "10^9/L",
          "display": "10^9/L",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "10*9/L",
              "display": "billion per liter",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "μg/dL",
          "display": "μg/dL",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "ug/dL",
              "display": "microgram per deciliter",
              "relationship": "equivalent",
              "comment": "The Greek letter mu U+03BC is not valid UCUM; UCUM uses ASCII u"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "+/-",
          "display": "+/-",
          "noMap": true
        },
        {
          "code": "Klet./mkl",
          "display": "Klet./mkl",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "{cell}/uL",
              "display": "cells per microliter",
              "relationship": "equivalent",
              "comment": "klet./mkl (cells per microlitre)"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "ug/dl",
          "display": "ug/dl",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "ug/dL",
              "display": "microgram per deciliter",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "mIU/ml",
          "display": "mIU/ml",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "m[IU]/mL",
              "display": "milli-international unit per milliliter",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "мкл",
          "display": "мкл",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "uL",
              "display": "microliter",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": ",",
          "display": ",",
          "noMap": true
        },
        {
          "code": "Me/ml",
          "display": "Me/ml",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "[IU]/mL",
              "display": "international unit per milliliter",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": ".",
          "display": ".",
          "noMap": true
        },
        {
          "code": "ratio",
          "display": "ratio",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "{ratio}",
              "display": "ratio",
              "relationship": "equivalent",
              "comment": "Dimensionless; annotation only"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "pg/mL",
          "display": "pg/mL",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "pg/mL",
              "display": "picogram per milliliter",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "ng/ml",
          "display": "ng/ml",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "ng/mL",
              "display": "nanogram per milliliter",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "mmol/h",
          "display": "mmol/h",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "mmol/h",
              "display": "millimole per hour",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "mkmol/L",
          "display": "mkmol/L",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "umol/L",
              "display": "micromole per liter",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "IU/mL",
          "display": "IU/mL",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "[IU]/mL",
              "display": "international unit per milliliter",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "cm",
          "display": "cm",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "cm",
              "display": "centimeter",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "uU/ml",
          "display": "uU/ml",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "uU/mL",
              "display": "microunit per milliliter",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "Mg/l",
          "display": "Mg/l",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "mg/L",
              "display": "milligram per liter",
              "relationship": "equivalent",
              "comment": "Mg is the megagram in UCUM: a 10^6 error if taken literally"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "%",
          "display": "%",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "%",
              "display": "percent",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "в п/з",
          "display": "в п/з",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "{per_HPF}",
              "display": "per high-power field",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "number",
          "display": "number",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "{count}",
              "display": "count",
              "relationship": "related-to",
              "comment": "Dimensionless count; annotation only"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "ml/min",
          "display": "ml/min",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "mL/min",
              "display": "milliliter per minute",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "ME/ml",
          "display": "ME/ml",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "[IU]/mL",
              "display": "international unit per milliliter",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "mIU/L",
          "display": "mIU/L",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "m[IU]/L",
              "display": "milli-international unit per liter",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "Mmol/L",
          "display": "Mmol/L",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "mmol/L",
              "display": "millimole per liter",
              "relationship": "equivalent",
              "comment": "Mmol is the megamole in UCUM: a 10^6 error if taken literally"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "U",
          "display": "U",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "U",
              "display": "unit",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "f/l",
          "display": "f/l",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "fL",
              "display": "femtoliter",
              "relationship": "related-to",
              "comment": "Assumed femtolitre (MCV); confirm with the source system"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "PH",
          "display": "PH",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "[pH]",
              "display": "pH",
              "relationship": "equivalent",
              "comment": "Unbracketed PH parses as petahenry"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "сек",
          "display": "сек",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "s",
              "display": "second",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "AU/mL",
          "display": "AU/mL",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "[arb'U]/mL",
              "display": "arbitrary unit per milliliter",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "У. е.",
          "display": "У. е.",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "[arb'U]",
              "display": "arbitrary unit",
              "relationship": "equivalent",
              "comment": "uslovnaya edinitsa (conventional unit)"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "S/CO",
          "display": "S/CO",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "{S/CO}",
              "display": "signal to cutoff ratio",
              "relationship": "equivalent",
              "comment": "Signal-to-cutoff ratio; dimensionless, annotation only"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "mME/ml",
          "display": "mME/ml",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "m[IU]/mL",
              "display": "milli-international unit per milliliter",
              "relationship": "related-to",
              "comment": "Assumed mME/ml; confirm with the source system"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "10^g/L",
          "display": "10^g/L",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "10*9/L",
              "display": "billion per liter",
              "relationship": "related-to",
              "comment": "Assumed a typo for 10^9/L; confirm with the source system"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "OP",
          "display": "OP",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "{OD_unit}",
              "display": "optical density unit",
              "relationship": "equivalent",
              "comment": "Optical density"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "lg",
          "display": "lg",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "{log10}",
              "display": "log10",
              "relationship": "related-to",
              "comment": "Base-10 logarithm of a titre; annotation only"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "на 100 лейк.",
          "display": "на 100 лейк.",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "/100{WBC}",
              "display": "per 100 white blood cells",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "10*9/L",
          "display": "10*9/L",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "10*9/L",
              "display": "billion per liter",
              "relationship": "equivalent"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "Ng/ml",
          "display": "Ng/ml",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "ng/mL",
              "display": "nanogram per milliliter",
              "relationship": "equivalent",
              "comment": "N is the nano prefix in lowercase"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "code": "mmol/sperm",
          "display": "mmol/sperm",
          "target": [
            {
              "code": "mmol/{sperm}",
              "display": "millimole per sperm sample",
              "relationship": "related-to",
              "comment": "Annotation preserves the source term; confirm the denominator (per ejaculate or per mL)"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}