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FHIR IG Statistics: PlanDefinition/opioidcds-11-order-select

Packagefhir.cdc.opioid-cds-r4
Resource TypePlanDefinition
Idopioidcds-11-order-select
FHIR VersionR4
Sourcehttp://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/https://build.fhir.org/ig/cqframework/opioid-cds-r4/PlanDefinition-opioidcds-11-order-select.html
URLhttp://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/PlanDefinition/opioidcds-11-order-select
Version2022.1.0
Statusdraft
Date2025-08-06
NamePlanDefinition_Recommendation_11_Order_Select
TitleRecommendation #11 - Concurrent Use of Opioids and Benzodiazepines (order-select)
Realmus
Authorityhl7
DescriptionClinicians should use particular caution when prescribing opioid pain medication and benzodiazepines concurrently and consider whether benefits outweigh risks of concurrent prescribing of opioids and other central nervous system depressants.
PurposeThe 2022 CDC Clinical Practice Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Pain is intended to improve communication between clinicians and patients about the benefits and risks of pain treatments, including opioid therapy; improve the effectiveness and safety of pain treatment; mitigate pain; improve function and quality of life for patients with pain; and reduce risks associated with opioid pain therapy, including opioid use disorder, overdose, and death. The recommendations do not apply to pain related to sickle cell disease or cancer or to patients receiving palliative or end-of-life care.
Copyright© CDC 2016+.

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Id: opioidcds-11-order-select
Url: Recommendation #11 - Concurrent Use of Opioids and Benzodiazepines (order-select)
Version: 2022.1.0
Identifier:

value: cdc-opioid-guidance

Name: PlanDefinition_Recommendation_11_Order_Select
Title: Recommendation #11 - Concurrent Use of Opioids and Benzodiazepines (order-select)
Status: draft
Experimental: true
Type:

system: http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/plan-definition-type

code: eca-rule

display: ECA Rule

Date: 2025-08-06
Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Description: Clinicians should use particular caution when prescribing opioid pain medication and benzodiazepines concurrently and consider whether benefits outweigh risks of concurrent prescribing of opioids and other central nervous system depressants.
Logic Definitions:
Library NameNamesequence
OpioidCDSREC11OrderSelect Opioid Analgesic with Ambulatory Misuse Potential Prescriptions 0 
define "Opioid Analgesic with Ambulatory Misuse Potential Prescriptions":
  Common."Is Opioid Analgesic with Ambulatory Misuse Potential?"( ContextPrescriptions )


Library NameNamesequence
OpioidCDSREC11OrderSelect Patient Is Being Prescribed Opioid Analgesic with Ambulatory Misuse Potential 1 
define "Patient Is Being Prescribed Opioid Analgesic with Ambulatory Misuse Potential":
  exists( "Opioid Analgesic with Ambulatory Misuse Potential Prescriptions" )


Library NameNamesequence
OpioidCDSCommonConfig Can the implementing EHR support queries for past medications by date range? 2 
// Subroutine 2 - Past Medications
define "Can the implementing EHR support queries for past medications by date range?":
  true


Library NameNamesequence
OpioidCDSCommon Active Medication List 3 
define "Active Medication List":
  [MedicationRequest: status in { 'active' }] ActiveMeds
    where ActiveMeds.category in "Community"


Library NameNamesequence
OpioidCDSCommon Active Ambulatory Benzodiazepine or CNS Depressant Rx 4 
define "Active Ambulatory Benzodiazepine or CNS Depressant Rx":
    if Config."Can the implementing EHR support queries for past medications by date range?" then
      (
        "Get MedicationRequest Medication as Code"("Active Medication List")
      ) Rx
        where date from Rx.authoredOn 2 years or less on or before Today()
          and Rx.medication in "Benzodiazepine medications"
          or  Rx.medication in "CNS Depressant Medications"
    else
         List<FHIR.MedicationRequest>{}


Library NameNamesequence
OpioidCDSREC11OrderSelect Benzodiazepine or CNS Depressant Prescriptions 5 
define "Benzodiazepine or CNS Depressant Prescriptions":
  Common."Is Benzodiazepine or CNS Depressant?"( ContextPrescriptions )


Library NameNamesequence
OpioidCDSREC11OrderSelect Patient Is Being Prescribed Benzodiazepine or CNS Depressant 6 
define "Patient Is Being Prescribed Benzodiazepine or CNS Depressant":
  exists( "Benzodiazepine or CNS Depressant Prescriptions" )


Library NameNamesequence
OpioidCDSCommon Active Ambulatory Opioid Rx 7 
define "Active Ambulatory Opioid Rx":
    if Config."Can the implementing EHR support queries for past medications by date range?" then
      (
        "Get MedicationRequest Medication as Code"("Get Active Ambulatory Medication Requests"([MedicationRequest]))
      ) Rx
        where date from Rx.authoredOn 2 years or less on or before Today()
          and Rx.medication in "Opioid analgesics with ambulatory misuse potential"
    else
        List<FHIR.MedicationRequest>{}


Library NameNamesequence
OpioidCDSCommonConfig Age Less than 18 Years Is Enabled 8 
// CDC 2022 General Inclusion Criteria
define "Age Less than 18 Years Is Enabled":
  true


Library NameNamesequence
OpioidCDSRoutines Patient Age Less Than 18 9 
define "Patient Age Less Than 18":
  if (Config."Age Less than 18 Years Is Enabled") then
    AgeInYearsAt(Today()) < 18
  else false


Library NameNamesequence
OpioidCDSCommonConfig Sickle Cell Check Enabled 10 
// Sickle Cell
define "Sickle Cell Check Enabled":
  true


Library NameNamesequence
OpioidCDSCommonConfig Sickle Cell Assumed Active 11 
define "Sickle Cell Assumed Active":
  true


Library NameNamesequence
OpioidCDSCommon US Core-Categorized Conditions 12 
// 3. Medications indicating end of life
    /* or exists (
      "Medications Indicating End of Life"
    ) */

define "US Core-Categorized Conditions":
  [Condition: category in "Encounter Diagnosis Condition Category"]
    union [Condition: category in "Problem List Condition Category"]
    union [Condition: category in "US Core Health Concern Condition Category"]


Library NameNamesequence
OpioidCDSCommon Positive Sickle Cell Condition 13 
define "Positive Sickle Cell Condition":
  if Config."Sickle Cell Check Enabled" and not Config."Sickle Cell Assumed Active"
    then (
      "US Core-Categorized Conditions" C
        where C.code in "Sickle Cell Diseases"
          and C.clinicalStatus in "Active Condition"
    ) else if Config."Sickle Cell Check Enabled" and Config."Sickle Cell Assumed Active"
        then (
          "US Core-Categorized Conditions" C
            where C.code in "Sickle Cell Diseases"
        )
      else null


Library NameNamesequence
OpioidCDSRoutines Condition Positive for Sickle Cell 14 
define "Condition Positive for Sickle Cell":
  if (Config."Sickle Cell Check Enabled") then
    exists(
      Common."Positive Sickle Cell Condition"
    ) 
  else false


Library NameNamesequence
OpioidCDSCommonConfig Active Cancer Treatment Encounters Condition Is Enabled 15 
// Active Cancer Treatment
define "Active Cancer Treatment Encounters Condition Is Enabled":
  true


Library NameNamesequence
OpioidCDSRoutines Encounter Period 16 
// End of Opioid Naive Routine

/*
**  Routine #3
**  Active Cancer Treatment Routine
**
**  Definition                    | Answer to Proceed   | Details                                    | Data (Terminology) Requirement
**  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
**  Two office visits within the  | No                  | Look for a minimum of two distinct         | Office Visit
**  past 12 months                |                     | encounters within 12 months of the date    |
**                                |                     | of the current visit for which each of the |
**                                |                     | following is true:                         |
**                                |                     |   - the encounter diagnosis (primary or    |
**                                |                     |     secondary or co-morbidity diagnosis)   |
**                                |                     |     is listed in the CDC Malignant Cancer  |
**                                |                     |     Conditions value set                   |
**  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
**  Office visits with an         | No                  | The encounter is performed by an           | Oncology specialty
**  oncology specialist           |                     | oncologist as defined in the oncology      | designations (NUCC)
**  present                       |                     | specialty designations using the           |
**                                |                     | National Uniform Claim Committee           |
**                                |                     | (NUCC) classifications                     |
**  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
**  Office visits including CDC   | No                  | The encounter diagnosis (primary or        | CDC malignant cancer
**  malignant cancer              |                     | secondary or co-morbidity diagnosis)       | conditions
**  condition                     |                     | is listed in the CDC Malignant Cancer      |
**                                |                     | Conditions value set                       |
**  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
**
*/

define "Encounter Period":
  Interval[Today() - 12 months, Today())


Library NameNamesequence
OpioidCDSCommon USCore Encounter Cancer Diagnoses 17 
define "USCore Encounter Cancer Diagnoses":
  [Condition: category in "Encounter Diagnosis Condition Category"] CancerDiagnoses
    where CancerDiagnoses.code in "CDC malignant cancer conditions"


Library NameNamesequence
OpioidCDSRoutines Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period 18 
// encounter-diagnosis, problem-list and health-concern Conditions
// define "US Core-Categorized Cancer Diagnoses":
//   Common."US Core-Categorized Conditions" C
//     where C.code in Common."CDC malignant cancer conditions"

// define "Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period":
//   [Encounter] Encounter
//     with "US Core-Categorized Cancer Diagnoses" CancerDiagnosis
//     such that date from Encounter.period."start".value in day of "Encounter Period"
//       and EndsWith(CancerDiagnosis.encounter.reference, Encounter.id)

define "Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period":
  [Encounter] Encounters
    where date from Encounters.period."start" in day of "Encounter Period"
      and exists (
        Common."USCore Encounter Cancer Diagnoses" CancerDiagnoses
          where EndsWith(CancerDiagnoses.encounter.reference, Encounters.id)
      )


Library NameNamesequence
OpioidCDSRoutines Number of Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period 19 
define "Number of Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period":
  Count ("Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period")


Library NameNamesequence
OpioidCDSRoutines Has Two or More Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period 20 
define "Has Two or More Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period":
  "Number of Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period" >= 2


Library NameNamesequence
OpioidCDSCommon USCore Problem List Cancer Diagnoses 21 
define "USCore Problem List Cancer Diagnoses":
  [Condition: category in "Problem List Condition Category"] CancerDiagnoses
    where CancerDiagnoses.code in "CDC malignant cancer conditions"


Library NameNamesequence
OpioidCDSRoutines Has Active Cancer Diagnosis on Problem List 22 
define "Has Active Cancer Diagnosis on Problem List":
  exists (
    Common."USCore Problem List Cancer Diagnoses" CancerDiagnoses
      where CancerDiagnoses.category in Common."Problem List Condition Category"
        and exists(
          CancerDiagnoses.clinicalStatus.coding ClinicalStatus
            where ClinicalStatus.code ~ 'active'
        )
  )


Library NameNamesequence
OpioidCDSRoutines Is Active Cancer Treatment? 23 
define "Is Active Cancer Treatment?":
  if (Config."Active Cancer Treatment Encounters Condition Is Enabled") 
    then "Has Two or More Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period"
      or "Has Active Cancer Diagnosis on Problem List"
  else false


Library NameNamesequence
OpioidCDSCommonConfig End-Stage Disease Criteria Enabled 24 
// CDC 2022 General Inclusion Criteria
define "End-Stage Disease Criteria Enabled":
  true


Library NameNamesequence
OpioidCDSRoutines Conditions Likely Terminal for Opioid Prescribing 25 
define "Conditions Likely Terminal for Opioid Prescribing":
  if (Config."End-Stage Disease Criteria Enabled") then
    exists (
      Common."US Core-Categorized Conditions" EOLC
        where EOLC.code in Common."Conditions likely terminal for opioid prescribing"
          // and EOLC.clinicalStatus in Common."Active Condition"
    )
  else false


Library NameNamesequence
OpioidCDSRoutines CDC 2022 Guideline General Inclusion Criteria 26 
define "CDC 2022 Guideline General Inclusion Criteria":
  not "Patient Age Less Than 18"
    and not "Condition Positive for Sickle Cell"
    and not "Is Active Cancer Treatment?"
    and not "Conditions Likely Terminal for Opioid Prescribing"


Library NameNamesequence
OpioidCDSREC11OrderSelect Inclusion Criteria 27 
define "Inclusion Criteria":
  (
    (
      "Patient Is Being Prescribed Opioid Analgesic with Ambulatory Misuse Potential"
        and exists Common."Active Ambulatory Benzodiazepine or CNS Depressant Rx"
    )
      or (
        "Patient Is Being Prescribed Benzodiazepine or CNS Depressant"
          and exists Common."Active Ambulatory Opioid Rx"
      )
  )
    and Routines."CDC 2022 Guideline General Inclusion Criteria"


Library NameNamesequence
OpioidCDSCommon Conditions Indicating End of Life or With Limited Life Expectancy 28 
define "Conditions Indicating End of Life or With Limited Life Expectancy":
  (
    "US Core-Categorized Conditions" C
      where C.code in "Conditions likely terminal for opioid prescribing"
        and C.clinicalStatus in "Active Condition"
  )
  union
  (
    "US Core-Categorized Conditions" C
      where C.code in "Limited life expectancy conditions"
        and C.clinicalStatus in "Active Condition"
  )


Library NameNamesequence
OpioidCDSCommonConfig Hospice Findings Exclusion Enabled 29 
// OpioidCDSCommon
define "Hospice Findings Exclusion Enabled":
  false


Library NameNamesequence
OpioidCDSCommon Admitted/Referred/Discharged to Hospice Care 30 
define "Admitted/Referred/Discharged to Hospice Care":
  (
    if (Config."Hospice Findings Exclusion Enabled") then
      [Observation: code in "Hospice Finding Codes"] O
        where not (O.status.value in { 'unknown', 'entered-in-error', 'cancelled' })
    else
      {}
  )
  union
  (
    [Encounter] E
      where date from E.period.start 1 year or less on or before Today()
        and (
          if E.hospitalization.dischargeDisposition.coding is null
              or not exists (E.hospitalization.dischargeDisposition.coding)
            then false
          else E.hospitalization.dischargeDisposition in "Hospice Disposition"
        )
        and E.status.value in { 'planned', 'arrived', 'in-progress', 'finished', 'onleave' }
  )


Library NameNamesequence
OpioidCDSCommon End of Life Assessment 31 
define "End of Life Assessment":
    // 1. Conditions indicating end of life or with limited life expectancy
    exists (
      "Conditions Indicating End of Life or With Limited Life Expectancy"
    )
    // 2. Admitted/referred/discharged to hospice care
    or exists (
      "Admitted/Referred/Discharged to Hospice Care"
    )


Library NameNamesequence
OpioidCDSREC11OrderSelect Exclusion Criteria 32 
define "Exclusion Criteria":
  Common."End of Life Assessment"


Library NameNamesequence
OpioidCDSREC11OrderSelect Is Recommendation Applicable? 33 
define "Is Recommendation Applicable?":
  "Inclusion Criteria"
    and not "Exclusion Criteria"


Library NameNamesequence
OpioidCDSCommon Is Opioid Analgesic with Ambulatory Misuse Potential? 34 
define function "Is Opioid Analgesic with Ambulatory Misuse Potential?"(value List<MedicationRequest>):
  ("Get MedicationRequest Medication as Code"(value)) Rx
    where Rx.medication in "Opioid analgesics with ambulatory misuse potential" 
      and Rx.category in "Community"


Library NameNamesequence
OpioidCDSCommon Get MedicationRequest Medication as Code 35 
define function "Get MedicationRequest Medication as Code"(value List<MedicationRequest>):
  value Rx
    let Med: 
      if Rx.medication is Reference then singleton from (
        [Medication] M
          where M.id = (Last(Split((Rx.medication as FHIR.Reference).reference, '/')))
      ) else null
    return 
      MedicationRequest {
        id: Rx.id,
        status: Rx.status,
        intent: Rx.intent,
        category: Rx.category,
        medication: if Rx.medication is Reference then Med.code else Rx.medication as CodeableConcept,
        subject: Rx.subject,
        authoredOn: Rx.authoredOn,
        recorder: Rx.recorder,
        dosageInstruction: Rx.dosageInstruction,
        dispenseRequest: Rx.dispenseRequest
      }


Library NameNamesequence
FHIRHelpers ToString 36 
define function ToString(value string): value.value


Library NameNamesequence
FHIRHelpers ToConcept 37 
define function ToConcept(concept FHIR.CodeableConcept):
    if concept is null then
        null
    else
        System.Concept {
            codes: concept.coding C return ToCode(C),
            display: concept.text.value
        }


Library NameNamesequence
FHIRHelpers ToCode 38 
define function ToCode(coding FHIR.Coding):
    if coding is null then
        null
    else
        System.Code {
          code: coding.code.value,
          system: coding.system.value,
          version: coding.version.value,
          display: coding.display.value
        }


Library NameNamesequence
FHIRHelpers ToDateTime 39 
define function ToDateTime(value dateTime): value.value


Library NameNamesequence
OpioidCDSCommon Is Benzodiazepine or CNS Depressant? 40 
define function "Is Benzodiazepine or CNS Depressant?"(value List<MedicationRequest>):
  ("Get MedicationRequest Medication as Code"(value)) Rx
    where Rx.medication in "Benzodiazepine medications"
      or Rx.medication in "CNS Depressant Medications"
      and Rx.category in "Community"


Library NameNamesequence
OpioidCDSCommon Get Active Ambulatory Medication Requests 41 
define function "Get Active Ambulatory Medication Requests" (value List<MedicationRequest>) returns List<MedicationRequest>:
  value Rx
    where Rx.status.value = 'active'
      and Rx.category in "Community"
Knowledge Capability: shareable computable executable publishable
Use Context:
codevaluedisplay
focus 182888003 Medication requested (situation)
focus 82423001 Chronic pain (finding)
Purpose:

The 2022 CDC Clinical Practice Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Pain is intended to improve communication between clinicians and patients about the benefits and risks of pain treatments, including opioid therapy; improve the effectiveness and safety of pain treatment; mitigate pain; improve function and quality of life for patients with pain; and reduce risks associated with opioid pain therapy, including opioid use disorder, overdose, and death. The recommendations do not apply to pain related to sickle cell disease or cancer or to patients receiving palliative or end-of-life care.
Usage: Clinicians should use particular caution when prescribing opioid pain medication and benzodiazepines concurrently. In addition, clinicians should consider whether benefits outweigh risks for concurrent use of opioids with other central nervous system depressants.
Copyright:

© CDC 2016+.
Related Artifacts:

Documentation
Libraries:
Library - Recommendation #11 - Concurrent Use of Opioids and Benzodiazepines
Actions:
Use Particular Caution When Prescribing Opioid Pain Medication and Benzodiazepines or Other CNS Depressants Concurrently: Consider whether the benefits outweigh the risks of concurrently prescribing opioids and benzodiazepines, or other central nervous system depressant medications. When co-prescribing risks outweigh benefits, consult [Recommendation 11 of the 2022 CDC Clinical Practice Guideline](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm#:~:text=evidence%20type%3A%203).-,Implementation%20Considerations,-Although%20in%20some) for further guidance. [For patients being treated for opioid use disorder who are also taking benzodiazepines or other medications that depress the central nervous system, the CDC recommends not withholding buprenorphine or methadone](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm#:~:text=gabapentin%20and%20pregabalin).-,Buprenorphine%20or%20methadone%20for%20opioid%20use%20disorder%20should%20not%20be%20withheld%20from%20patients%20taking%20benzodiazepines%20or%20other%20medications%20that%20depress%20the%20central%20nervous%20system.,-Clinicians%20should%20check). If the decision is made to taper benzodiazepine medications, [the CDC recommends tapering benzodiazepines gradually prior to discontinuation](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm#:~:text=Clinicians%20should%20taper%20benzodiazepines%20gradually%20before%20discontinuation%20because%20abrupt%20withdrawal%20can%20be%20associated%20with%20rebound%20anxiety%2C%20hallucinations%2C%20seizures%2C%20delirium%20tremens%2C%20and%2C%20rarely%2C%20death.%20The%20rate%20of%20tapering%20should%20be%20individualized).
When: Named Event: order-select
If: Applicability: Check whether the current order results in the concurrent use of opioid pain medication and benzodiazepines or other central nervous system depressants and if the 2022 CDC guideline general inclusion criteria is met. (Is Recommendation Applicable?)
Then:
: Document - Will modify prescription
Then:
: Snooze* - Benefits outweigh risks, snooze 3 months
Then:
: Snooze* - N/A see comments, snooze 3 months
Then:

Source

{
  "resourceType": "PlanDefinition",
  "id": "opioidcds-11-order-select",
  "meta": {
    "profile": [
      "http://hl7.org/fhir/uv/cpg/StructureDefinition/cpg-recommendationdefinition",
      "http://hl7.org/fhir/uv/cpg/StructureDefinition/cpg-publishableplandefinition"
    ]
  },
  "text": {
    "status": "extensions",
    "div": "<!-- snip (see above) -->"
  },
  "contained": [
    {
      "resourceType": "Library",
      "id": "effective-data-requirements",
      "name": "EffectiveDataRequirements",
      "status": "active",
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        "coding": [
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          }
        ]
      },
      "relatedArtifact": [
        {
          "type": "depends-on",
          "display": "Library Common",
          "resource": "http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/Library/OpioidCDSCommon|2022.1.0"
        },
        {
          "type": "depends-on",
          "display": "Library FHIRHelpers",
          "resource": "http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/Library/FHIRHelpers|4.0.1"
        },
        {
          "type": "depends-on",
          "display": "Library Config",
          "resource": "http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/Library/OpioidCDSCommonConfig|2022.1.0"
        },
        {
          "type": "depends-on",
          "display": "Library Routines",
          "resource": "http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/Library/OpioidCDSRoutines|2022.1.0"
        },
        {
          "type": "depends-on",
          "display": "Value set Opioid analgesics with ambulatory misuse potential",
          "resource": "http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/ValueSet/opioid-analgesics-with-ambulatory-misuse-potential"
        },
        {
          "type": "depends-on",
          "display": "Value set Community",
          "resource": "http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/ValueSet/medicationrequest-category-community"
        },
        {
          "type": "depends-on",
          "display": "Value set Benzodiazepine medications",
          "resource": "http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/ValueSet/benzodiazepine-medications"
        },
        {
          "type": "depends-on",
          "display": "Value set CNS Depressant Medications",
          "resource": "http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/ValueSet/cns-depressant-medications"
        },
        {
          "type": "depends-on",
          "display": "Value set Encounter Diagnosis Condition Category",
          "resource": "http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/ValueSet/condition-encounter-diagnosis-category"
        },
        {
          "type": "depends-on",
          "display": "Value set Problem List Condition Category",
          "resource": "http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/ValueSet/condition-problem-list-category"
        },
        {
          "type": "depends-on",
          "display": "Value set US Core Health Concern Condition Category",
          "resource": "http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/ValueSet/condition-us-core-health-concern-category"
        },
        {
          "type": "depends-on",
          "display": "Value set Sickle Cell Diseases",
          "resource": "http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/ValueSet/sickle-cell-diseases"
        },
        {
          "type": "depends-on",
          "display": "Value set Active Condition",
          "resource": "http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/ValueSet/condition-clinical-status-active"
        },
        {
          "type": "depends-on",
          "display": "Value set CDC malignant cancer conditions",
          "resource": "http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/ValueSet/cdc-malignant-cancer-conditions"
        },
        {
          "type": "depends-on",
          "display": "Value set Conditions likely terminal for opioid prescribing",
          "resource": "http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/ValueSet/conditions-likely-terminal-for-opioid-prescribing"
        },
        {
          "type": "depends-on",
          "display": "Value set Limited life expectancy conditions",
          "resource": "http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/ValueSet/limited-life-expectancy-conditions"
        },
        {
          "type": "depends-on",
          "display": "Value set Hospice Finding Codes",
          "resource": "http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/ValueSet/hospice-finding"
        },
        {
          "type": "depends-on",
          "display": "Value set Hospice Disposition",
          "resource": "http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/ValueSet/hospice-disposition"
        }
      ],
      "parameter": [
        {
          "name": "ContextPrescriptions",
          "use": "in",
          "min": 0,
          "max": "*",
          "type": "MedicationRequest"
        },
        {
          "name": "Is Recommendation Applicable?",
          "use": "out",
          "min": 0,
          "max": "1",
          "type": "boolean"
        }
      ],
      "dataRequirement": [
        {
          "type": "Medication",
          "profile": [
            "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/Medication"
          ],
          "mustSupport": [
            "id",
            "code"
          ]
        },
        {
          "type": "MedicationRequest",
          "profile": [
            "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/MedicationRequest"
          ],
          "mustSupport": [
            "status",
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          "codeFilter": [
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                }
              ]
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          ]
        },
        {
          "type": "MedicationRequest",
          "profile": [
            "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/MedicationRequest"
          ],
          "mustSupport": [
            "status",
            "category",
            "authoredOn",
            "medication",
            "medication.reference",
            "id",
            "intent",
            "subject",
            "recorder",
            "dosageInstruction",
            "dispenseRequest",
            "status.value"
          ],
          "codeFilter": [
            {
              "path": "status",
              "code": [
                {
                  "code": "active"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "type": "MedicationRequest",
          "profile": [
            "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/MedicationRequest"
          ],
          "mustSupport": [
            "authoredOn",
            "medication",
            "medication.reference",
            "id",
            "status",
            "intent",
            "category",
            "subject",
            "recorder",
            "dosageInstruction",
            "dispenseRequest",
            "status.value"
          ]
        },
        {
          "type": "Patient",
          "profile": [
            "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/Patient"
          ]
        },
        {
          "type": "Condition",
          "profile": [
            "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/Condition"
          ],
          "mustSupport": [
            "category",
            "code",
            "clinicalStatus"
          ],
          "codeFilter": [
            {
              "path": "category",
              "valueSet": "http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/ValueSet/condition-us-core-health-concern-category"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "type": "Condition",
          "profile": [
            "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/Condition"
          ],
          "mustSupport": [
            "category",
            "code",
            "clinicalStatus",
            "encounter",
            "encounter.reference"
          ],
          "codeFilter": [
            {
              "path": "category",
              "valueSet": "http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/ValueSet/condition-encounter-diagnosis-category"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "type": "Condition",
          "profile": [
            "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/Condition"
          ],
          "mustSupport": [
            "category",
            "code",
            "clinicalStatus",
            "clinicalStatus.coding"
          ],
          "codeFilter": [
            {
              "path": "category",
              "valueSet": "http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/ValueSet/condition-problem-list-category"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "type": "Encounter",
          "profile": [
            "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/Encounter"
          ],
          "mustSupport": [
            "period",
            "period.start",
            "id",
            "hospitalization",
            "hospitalization.dischargeDisposition",
            "hospitalization.dischargeDisposition.coding",
            "status",
            "status.value"
          ]
        },
        {
          "type": "Observation",
          "profile": [
            "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/Observation"
          ],
          "mustSupport": [
            "code",
            "status",
            "status.value"
          ],
          "codeFilter": [
            {
              "path": "code",
              "valueSet": "http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/ValueSet/hospice-finding"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "extension": [
    {
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/uv/cpg/StructureDefinition/cpg-knowledgeCapability",
      "valueCode": "shareable"
    },
    {
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/uv/cpg/StructureDefinition/cpg-knowledgeCapability",
      "valueCode": "computable"
    },
    {
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/uv/cpg/StructureDefinition/cpg-knowledgeCapability",
      "valueCode": "executable"
    },
    {
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/uv/cpg/StructureDefinition/cpg-knowledgeCapability",
      "valueCode": "publishable"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSREC11OrderSelect"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Opioid Analgesic with Ambulatory Misuse Potential Prescriptions"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define \"Opioid Analgesic with Ambulatory Misuse Potential Prescriptions\":\n  Common.\"Is Opioid Analgesic with Ambulatory Misuse Potential?\"( ContextPrescriptions )"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 0
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSREC11OrderSelect"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Patient Is Being Prescribed Opioid Analgesic with Ambulatory Misuse Potential"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define \"Patient Is Being Prescribed Opioid Analgesic with Ambulatory Misuse Potential\":\n  exists( \"Opioid Analgesic with Ambulatory Misuse Potential Prescriptions\" )"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 1
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSCommonConfig"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Can the implementing EHR support queries for past medications by date range?"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "// Subroutine 2 - Past Medications\ndefine \"Can the implementing EHR support queries for past medications by date range?\":\n  true"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 2
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSCommon"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Active Medication List"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define \"Active Medication List\":\n  [MedicationRequest: status in { 'active' }] ActiveMeds\n    where ActiveMeds.category in \"Community\""
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 3
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSCommon"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Active Ambulatory Benzodiazepine or CNS Depressant Rx"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define \"Active Ambulatory Benzodiazepine or CNS Depressant Rx\":\n    if Config.\"Can the implementing EHR support queries for past medications by date range?\" then\n      (\n        \"Get MedicationRequest Medication as Code\"(\"Active Medication List\")\n      ) Rx\n        where date from Rx.authoredOn 2 years or less on or before Today()\n          and Rx.medication in \"Benzodiazepine medications\"\n          or  Rx.medication in \"CNS Depressant Medications\"\n    else\n         List<FHIR.MedicationRequest>{}"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 4
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSREC11OrderSelect"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Benzodiazepine or CNS Depressant Prescriptions"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define \"Benzodiazepine or CNS Depressant Prescriptions\":\n  Common.\"Is Benzodiazepine or CNS Depressant?\"( ContextPrescriptions )"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 5
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSREC11OrderSelect"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Patient Is Being Prescribed Benzodiazepine or CNS Depressant"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define \"Patient Is Being Prescribed Benzodiazepine or CNS Depressant\":\n  exists( \"Benzodiazepine or CNS Depressant Prescriptions\" )"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 6
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSCommon"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Active Ambulatory Opioid Rx"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define \"Active Ambulatory Opioid Rx\":\n    if Config.\"Can the implementing EHR support queries for past medications by date range?\" then\n      (\n        \"Get MedicationRequest Medication as Code\"(\"Get Active Ambulatory Medication Requests\"([MedicationRequest]))\n      ) Rx\n        where date from Rx.authoredOn 2 years or less on or before Today()\n          and Rx.medication in \"Opioid analgesics with ambulatory misuse potential\"\n    else\n        List<FHIR.MedicationRequest>{}"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 7
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSCommonConfig"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Age Less than 18 Years Is Enabled"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "// CDC 2022 General Inclusion Criteria\ndefine \"Age Less than 18 Years Is Enabled\":\n  true"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 8
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSRoutines"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Patient Age Less Than 18"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define \"Patient Age Less Than 18\":\n  if (Config.\"Age Less than 18 Years Is Enabled\") then\n    AgeInYearsAt(Today()) < 18\n  else false"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 9
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSCommonConfig"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Sickle Cell Check Enabled"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "// Sickle Cell\ndefine \"Sickle Cell Check Enabled\":\n  true"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 10
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSCommonConfig"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Sickle Cell Assumed Active"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define \"Sickle Cell Assumed Active\":\n  true"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 11
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSCommon"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "US Core-Categorized Conditions"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "// 3. Medications indicating end of life\n    /* or exists (\n      \"Medications Indicating End of Life\"\n    ) */\n\ndefine \"US Core-Categorized Conditions\":\n  [Condition: category in \"Encounter Diagnosis Condition Category\"]\n    union [Condition: category in \"Problem List Condition Category\"]\n    union [Condition: category in \"US Core Health Concern Condition Category\"]"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 12
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSCommon"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Positive Sickle Cell Condition"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define \"Positive Sickle Cell Condition\":\n  if Config.\"Sickle Cell Check Enabled\" and not Config.\"Sickle Cell Assumed Active\"\n    then (\n      \"US Core-Categorized Conditions\" C\n        where C.code in \"Sickle Cell Diseases\"\n          and C.clinicalStatus in \"Active Condition\"\n    ) else if Config.\"Sickle Cell Check Enabled\" and Config.\"Sickle Cell Assumed Active\"\n        then (\n          \"US Core-Categorized Conditions\" C\n            where C.code in \"Sickle Cell Diseases\"\n        )\n      else null"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 13
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSRoutines"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Condition Positive for Sickle Cell"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define \"Condition Positive for Sickle Cell\":\n  if (Config.\"Sickle Cell Check Enabled\") then\n    exists(\n      Common.\"Positive Sickle Cell Condition\"\n    ) \n  else false"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 14
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSCommonConfig"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Active Cancer Treatment Encounters Condition Is Enabled"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "// Active Cancer Treatment\ndefine \"Active Cancer Treatment Encounters Condition Is Enabled\":\n  true"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 15
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSRoutines"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Encounter Period"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "// End of Opioid Naive Routine\n\n/*\n**  Routine #3\n**  Active Cancer Treatment Routine\n**\n**  Definition                    | Answer to Proceed   | Details                                    | Data (Terminology) Requirement\n**  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n**  Two office visits within the  | No                  | Look for a minimum of two distinct         | Office Visit\n**  past 12 months                |                     | encounters within 12 months of the date    |\n**                                |                     | of the current visit for which each of the |\n**                                |                     | following is true:                         |\n**                                |                     |   - the encounter diagnosis (primary or    |\n**                                |                     |     secondary or co-morbidity diagnosis)   |\n**                                |                     |     is listed in the CDC Malignant Cancer  |\n**                                |                     |     Conditions value set                   |\n**  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n**  Office visits with an         | No                  | The encounter is performed by an           | Oncology specialty\n**  oncology specialist           |                     | oncologist as defined in the oncology      | designations (NUCC)\n**  present                       |                     | specialty designations using the           |\n**                                |                     | National Uniform Claim Committee           |\n**                                |                     | (NUCC) classifications                     |\n**  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n**  Office visits including CDC   | No                  | The encounter diagnosis (primary or        | CDC malignant cancer\n**  malignant cancer              |                     | secondary or co-morbidity diagnosis)       | conditions\n**  condition                     |                     | is listed in the CDC Malignant Cancer      |\n**                                |                     | Conditions value set                       |\n**  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n**\n*/\n\ndefine \"Encounter Period\":\n  Interval[Today() - 12 months, Today())"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 16
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSCommon"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "USCore Encounter Cancer Diagnoses"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define \"USCore Encounter Cancer Diagnoses\":\n  [Condition: category in \"Encounter Diagnosis Condition Category\"] CancerDiagnoses\n    where CancerDiagnoses.code in \"CDC malignant cancer conditions\""
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 17
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSRoutines"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "// encounter-diagnosis, problem-list and health-concern Conditions\n// define \"US Core-Categorized Cancer Diagnoses\":\n//   Common.\"US Core-Categorized Conditions\" C\n//     where C.code in Common.\"CDC malignant cancer conditions\"\n\n// define \"Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period\":\n//   [Encounter] Encounter\n//     with \"US Core-Categorized Cancer Diagnoses\" CancerDiagnosis\n//     such that date from Encounter.period.\"start\".value in day of \"Encounter Period\"\n//       and EndsWith(CancerDiagnosis.encounter.reference, Encounter.id)\n\ndefine \"Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period\":\n  [Encounter] Encounters\n    where date from Encounters.period.\"start\" in day of \"Encounter Period\"\n      and exists (\n        Common.\"USCore Encounter Cancer Diagnoses\" CancerDiagnoses\n          where EndsWith(CancerDiagnoses.encounter.reference, Encounters.id)\n      )"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 18
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSRoutines"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Number of Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define \"Number of Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period\":\n  Count (\"Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period\")"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 19
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSRoutines"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Has Two or More Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define \"Has Two or More Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period\":\n  \"Number of Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period\" >= 2"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 20
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSCommon"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "USCore Problem List Cancer Diagnoses"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define \"USCore Problem List Cancer Diagnoses\":\n  [Condition: category in \"Problem List Condition Category\"] CancerDiagnoses\n    where CancerDiagnoses.code in \"CDC malignant cancer conditions\""
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 21
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSRoutines"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Has Active Cancer Diagnosis on Problem List"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define \"Has Active Cancer Diagnosis on Problem List\":\n  exists (\n    Common.\"USCore Problem List Cancer Diagnoses\" CancerDiagnoses\n      where CancerDiagnoses.category in Common.\"Problem List Condition Category\"\n        and exists(\n          CancerDiagnoses.clinicalStatus.coding ClinicalStatus\n            where ClinicalStatus.code ~ 'active'\n        )\n  )"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 22
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSRoutines"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Is Active Cancer Treatment?"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define \"Is Active Cancer Treatment?\":\n  if (Config.\"Active Cancer Treatment Encounters Condition Is Enabled\") \n    then \"Has Two or More Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period\"\n      or \"Has Active Cancer Diagnosis on Problem List\"\n  else false"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 23
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSCommonConfig"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "End-Stage Disease Criteria Enabled"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "// CDC 2022 General Inclusion Criteria\ndefine \"End-Stage Disease Criteria Enabled\":\n  true"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 24
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSRoutines"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Conditions Likely Terminal for Opioid Prescribing"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define \"Conditions Likely Terminal for Opioid Prescribing\":\n  if (Config.\"End-Stage Disease Criteria Enabled\") then\n    exists (\n      Common.\"US Core-Categorized Conditions\" EOLC\n        where EOLC.code in Common.\"Conditions likely terminal for opioid prescribing\"\n          // and EOLC.clinicalStatus in Common.\"Active Condition\"\n    )\n  else false"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 25
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSRoutines"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "CDC 2022 Guideline General Inclusion Criteria"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define \"CDC 2022 Guideline General Inclusion Criteria\":\n  not \"Patient Age Less Than 18\"\n    and not \"Condition Positive for Sickle Cell\"\n    and not \"Is Active Cancer Treatment?\"\n    and not \"Conditions Likely Terminal for Opioid Prescribing\""
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 26
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSREC11OrderSelect"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Inclusion Criteria"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define \"Inclusion Criteria\":\n  (\n    (\n      \"Patient Is Being Prescribed Opioid Analgesic with Ambulatory Misuse Potential\"\n        and exists Common.\"Active Ambulatory Benzodiazepine or CNS Depressant Rx\"\n    )\n      or (\n        \"Patient Is Being Prescribed Benzodiazepine or CNS Depressant\"\n          and exists Common.\"Active Ambulatory Opioid Rx\"\n      )\n  )\n    and Routines.\"CDC 2022 Guideline General Inclusion Criteria\""
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 27
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSCommon"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Conditions Indicating End of Life or With Limited Life Expectancy"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define \"Conditions Indicating End of Life or With Limited Life Expectancy\":\n  (\n    \"US Core-Categorized Conditions\" C\n      where C.code in \"Conditions likely terminal for opioid prescribing\"\n        and C.clinicalStatus in \"Active Condition\"\n  )\n  union\n  (\n    \"US Core-Categorized Conditions\" C\n      where C.code in \"Limited life expectancy conditions\"\n        and C.clinicalStatus in \"Active Condition\"\n  )"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 28
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSCommonConfig"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Hospice Findings Exclusion Enabled"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "// OpioidCDSCommon\ndefine \"Hospice Findings Exclusion Enabled\":\n  false"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 29
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSCommon"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Admitted/Referred/Discharged to Hospice Care"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define \"Admitted/Referred/Discharged to Hospice Care\":\n  (\n    if (Config.\"Hospice Findings Exclusion Enabled\") then\n      [Observation: code in \"Hospice Finding Codes\"] O\n        where not (O.status.value in { 'unknown', 'entered-in-error', 'cancelled' })\n    else\n      {}\n  )\n  union\n  (\n    [Encounter] E\n      where date from E.period.start 1 year or less on or before Today()\n        and (\n          if E.hospitalization.dischargeDisposition.coding is null\n              or not exists (E.hospitalization.dischargeDisposition.coding)\n            then false\n          else E.hospitalization.dischargeDisposition in \"Hospice Disposition\"\n        )\n        and E.status.value in { 'planned', 'arrived', 'in-progress', 'finished', 'onleave' }\n  )"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 30
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSCommon"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "End of Life Assessment"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define \"End of Life Assessment\":\n    // 1. Conditions indicating end of life or with limited life expectancy\n    exists (\n      \"Conditions Indicating End of Life or With Limited Life Expectancy\"\n    )\n    // 2. Admitted/referred/discharged to hospice care\n    or exists (\n      \"Admitted/Referred/Discharged to Hospice Care\"\n    )"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 31
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSREC11OrderSelect"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Exclusion Criteria"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define \"Exclusion Criteria\":\n  Common.\"End of Life Assessment\""
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 32
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSREC11OrderSelect"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Is Recommendation Applicable?"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define \"Is Recommendation Applicable?\":\n  \"Inclusion Criteria\"\n    and not \"Exclusion Criteria\""
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 33
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSCommon"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Is Opioid Analgesic with Ambulatory Misuse Potential?"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define function \"Is Opioid Analgesic with Ambulatory Misuse Potential?\"(value List<MedicationRequest>):\n  (\"Get MedicationRequest Medication as Code\"(value)) Rx\n    where Rx.medication in \"Opioid analgesics with ambulatory misuse potential\" \n      and Rx.category in \"Community\""
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 34
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSCommon"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Get MedicationRequest Medication as Code"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define function \"Get MedicationRequest Medication as Code\"(value List<MedicationRequest>):\n  value Rx\n    let Med: \n      if Rx.medication is Reference then singleton from (\n        [Medication] M\n          where M.id = (Last(Split((Rx.medication as FHIR.Reference).reference, '/')))\n      ) else null\n    return \n      MedicationRequest {\n        id: Rx.id,\n        status: Rx.status,\n        intent: Rx.intent,\n        category: Rx.category,\n        medication: if Rx.medication is Reference then Med.code else Rx.medication as CodeableConcept,\n        subject: Rx.subject,\n        authoredOn: Rx.authoredOn,\n        recorder: Rx.recorder,\n        dosageInstruction: Rx.dosageInstruction,\n        dispenseRequest: Rx.dispenseRequest\n      }"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 35
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "FHIRHelpers"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "ToString"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define function ToString(value string): value.value"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 36
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "FHIRHelpers"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "ToConcept"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define function ToConcept(concept FHIR.CodeableConcept):\n    if concept is null then\n        null\n    else\n        System.Concept {\n            codes: concept.coding C return ToCode(C),\n            display: concept.text.value\n        }"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 37
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "FHIRHelpers"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "ToCode"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define function ToCode(coding FHIR.Coding):\n    if coding is null then\n        null\n    else\n        System.Code {\n          code: coding.code.value,\n          system: coding.system.value,\n          version: coding.version.value,\n          display: coding.display.value\n        }"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 38
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "FHIRHelpers"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "ToDateTime"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define function ToDateTime(value dateTime): value.value"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 39
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSCommon"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Is Benzodiazepine or CNS Depressant?"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define function \"Is Benzodiazepine or CNS Depressant?\"(value List<MedicationRequest>):\n  (\"Get MedicationRequest Medication as Code\"(value)) Rx\n    where Rx.medication in \"Benzodiazepine medications\"\n      or Rx.medication in \"CNS Depressant Medications\"\n      and Rx.category in \"Community\""
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 40
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSCommon"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Get Active Ambulatory Medication Requests"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define function \"Get Active Ambulatory Medication Requests\" (value List<MedicationRequest>) returns List<MedicationRequest>:\n  value Rx\n    where Rx.status.value = 'active'\n      and Rx.category in \"Community\""
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 41
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "id": "effective-data-requirements",
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/uv/crmi/StructureDefinition/crmi-effectiveDataRequirements",
      "valueCanonical": "#effective-data-requirements"
    },
    {
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/uv/crmi/StructureDefinition/crmi-softwaresystem",
      "valueReference": {
        "reference": "Device/cqf-tooling"
      }
    }
  ],
  "url": "http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/PlanDefinition/opioidcds-11-order-select",
  "identifier": [
    {
      "use": "official",
      "value": "cdc-opioid-guidance"
    }
  ],
  "version": "2022.1.0",
  "name": "PlanDefinition_Recommendation_11_Order_Select",
  "title": "Recommendation #11 - Concurrent Use of Opioids and Benzodiazepines (order-select)",
  "type": {
    "coding": [
      {
        "system": "http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/plan-definition-type",
        "code": "eca-rule",
        "display": "ECA Rule"
      }
    ]
  },
  "status": "draft",
  "experimental": true,
  "date": "2025-08-06",
  "publisher": "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)",
  "contact": [
    {
      "telecom": [
        {
          "system": "url",
          "value": "https://www.cdc.gov"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "description": "Clinicians should use particular caution when prescribing opioid pain medication and benzodiazepines concurrently and consider whether benefits outweigh risks of concurrent prescribing of opioids and other central nervous system depressants.",
  "useContext": [
    {
      "code": {
        "system": "http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/usage-context-type",
        "code": "focus",
        "display": "Clinical Focus"
      },
      "valueCodeableConcept": {
        "coding": [
          {
            "system": "http://snomed.info/sct",
            "code": "182888003",
            "display": "Medication requested (situation)"
          }
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "code": {
        "system": "http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/usage-context-type",
        "code": "focus",
        "display": "Clinical Focus"
      },
      "valueCodeableConcept": {
        "coding": [
          {
            "system": "http://snomed.info/sct",
            "code": "82423001",
            "display": "Chronic pain (finding)"
          }
        ]
      }
    }
  ],
  "purpose": "The 2022 CDC Clinical Practice Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Pain is intended to improve communication between clinicians and patients about the benefits and risks of pain treatments, including opioid therapy; improve the effectiveness and safety of pain treatment; mitigate pain; improve function and quality of life for patients with pain; and reduce risks associated with opioid pain therapy, including opioid use disorder, overdose, and death. The recommendations do not apply to pain related to sickle cell disease or cancer or to patients receiving palliative or end-of-life care.",
  "usage": "Clinicians should use particular caution when prescribing opioid pain medication and benzodiazepines concurrently. In addition, clinicians should consider whether benefits outweigh risks for concurrent use of opioids with other central nervous system depressants.",
  "copyright": "© CDC 2016+.",
  "topic": [
    {
      "text": "Opioid Prescribing"
    }
  ],
  "author": [
    {
      "name": "Kensaku Kawamoto, MD, PhD, MHS"
    },
    {
      "name": "Bryn Rhodes"
    },
    {
      "name": "Floyd Eisenberg, MD, MPH"
    },
    {
      "name": "Robert McClure, MD, MPH"
    }
  ],
  "relatedArtifact": [
    {
      "type": "documentation",
      "display": "2022 CDC Clinical Practice Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Pain",
      "url": "https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm",
      "document": {
        "url": "https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm"
      }
    }
  ],
  "library": [
    "http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/Library/OpioidCDSREC11OrderSelect"
  ],
  "action": [
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-strengthOfRecommendation",
          "valueCodeableConcept": {
            "coding": [
              {
                "system": "http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/recommendation-strength",
                "code": "weak",
                "display": "Weak"
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-qualityOfEvidence",
          "valueCodeableConcept": {
            "coding": [
              {
                "system": "http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/evidence-quality",
                "code": "low",
                "display": "Low quality"
              }
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "title": "Use Particular Caution When Prescribing Opioid Pain Medication and Benzodiazepines or Other CNS Depressants Concurrently",
      "description": "Consider whether the benefits outweigh the risks of concurrently prescribing opioids and benzodiazepines, or other central nervous system depressant medications.\r\n\r\nWhen co-prescribing risks outweigh benefits, consult [Recommendation 11 of the 2022 CDC Clinical Practice Guideline](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm#:~:text=evidence%20type%3A%203).-,Implementation%20Considerations,-Although%20in%20some) for further guidance.\r\n\r\n[For patients being treated for opioid use disorder who are also taking benzodiazepines or other medications that depress the central nervous system, the CDC recommends not withholding buprenorphine or methadone](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm#:~:text=gabapentin%20and%20pregabalin).-,Buprenorphine%20or%20methadone%20for%20opioid%20use%20disorder%20should%20not%20be%20withheld%20from%20patients%20taking%20benzodiazepines%20or%20other%20medications%20that%20depress%20the%20central%20nervous%20system.,-Clinicians%20should%20check).\r\n\r\nIf the decision is made to taper benzodiazepine medications, [the CDC recommends tapering benzodiazepines gradually prior to discontinuation](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm#:~:text=Clinicians%20should%20taper%20benzodiazepines%20gradually%20before%20discontinuation%20because%20abrupt%20withdrawal%20can%20be%20associated%20with%20rebound%20anxiety%2C%20hallucinations%2C%20seizures%2C%20delirium%20tremens%2C%20and%2C%20rarely%2C%20death.%20The%20rate%20of%20tapering%20should%20be%20individualized).",
      "priority": "urgent",
      "trigger": [
        {
          "type": "named-event",
          "name": "order-select"
        }
      ],
      "condition": [
        {
          "kind": "applicability",
          "expression": {
            "description": "Check whether the current order results in the concurrent use of opioid pain medication and benzodiazepines or other central nervous system depressants and if the 2022 CDC guideline general inclusion criteria is met.",
            "language": "text/cql.identifier",
            "expression": "Is Recommendation Applicable?"
          }
        }
      ],
      "groupingBehavior": "visual-group",
      "selectionBehavior": "any",
      "action": [
        {
          "description": "Document - Will modify prescription"
        },
        {
          "description": "Snooze* - Benefits outweigh risks, snooze 3 months"
        },
        {
          "description": "Snooze* - N/A see comments, snooze 3 months"
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}