XIG: PlanDefinition/opioidcds-02

FHIR IG Statistics: PlanDefinition/opioidcds-02

Package	fhir.cdc.opioid-cds-r4
Resource Type	PlanDefinition
Id	opioidcds-02
FHIR Version	R4
Source	http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/https://build.fhir.org/ig/cqframework/opioid-cds-r4/PlanDefinition-opioidcds-02.html
URL	http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/PlanDefinition/opioidcds-02
Version	2022.1.0
Status	draft
Date	2025-08-06
Name	PlanDefinition_Recommendation_02_Order_Sign
Title	Recommendation #2 - Opioid Therapy Goals Discussion
Realm	us
Authority	hl7
Description	Nonopioid therapies are preferred for subacute and chronic pain. Clinicians should maximize use of nonpharmacologic and nonopioid pharmacologic therapies as appropriate for the specific condition and patient and only consider initiating opioid therapy if expected benefits for pain and function are anticipated to outweigh risks to the patient. Before starting opioid therapy for subacute or chronic pain, clinicians should discuss with patients the realistic benefits and known risks of opioid therapy, should work with patients to establish treatment goals for pain and function, and should consider how opioid therapy will be discontinued if benefits do not outweigh risks.
Purpose	The 2022 CDC Clinical Practice Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Pain is intended to improve communication between clinicians and patients about the benefits and risks of pain treatments, including opioid therapy; improve the effectiveness and safety of pain treatment; mitigate pain; improve function and quality of life for patients with pain; and reduce risks associated with opioid pain therapy, including opioid use disorder, overdose, and death. The recommendations do not apply to pain related to sickle cell disease or cancer or to patients receiving palliative or end-of-life care.
Copyright	© CDC 2016+.

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Narrative

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Id: opioidcds-02

Url: Recommendation #2 - Opioid Therapy Goals Discussion

Version: 2022.1.0

Identifier:

value: cdc-opioid-guidance

Name: PlanDefinition_Recommendation_02_Order_Sign

Title: Recommendation #2 - Opioid Therapy Goals Discussion

Status: draft

Experimental: true

Type:

system: http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/plan-definition-type

code: eca-rule

display: ECA Rule

Date: 2025-08-06

Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Description: Nonopioid therapies are preferred for subacute and chronic pain. Clinicians should maximize use of nonpharmacologic and nonopioid pharmacologic therapies as appropriate for the specific condition and patient and only consider initiating opioid therapy if expected benefits for pain and function are anticipated to outweigh risks to the patient. Before starting opioid therapy for subacute or chronic pain, clinicians should discuss with patients the realistic benefits and known risks of opioid therapy, should work with patients to establish treatment goals for pain and function, and should consider how opioid therapy will be discontinued if benefits do not outweigh risks.

Logic Definitions:

Library Name

Name

sequence

OpioidCDSREC02

Chronic Pain Opioid Analgesic with Ambulatory Misuse Potential Prescriptions

define "Chronic Pain Opioid Analgesic with Ambulatory Misuse Potential Prescriptions":
  ( Common."Is Opioid Analgesic with Ambulatory Misuse Potential?"( ContextPrescriptions ) ) AmbulatoryOpioidPrescription
    where Routines."Is Subacute or Chronic Pain Prescription?"( AmbulatoryOpioidPrescription )

Library Name

Name

sequence

OpioidCDSREC02

Patient Is Being Prescribed Opioid Analgesic with Ambulatory Misuse Potential

define "Patient Is Being Prescribed Opioid Analgesic with Ambulatory Misuse Potential":
  exists( "Chronic Pain Opioid Analgesic with Ambulatory Misuse Potential Prescriptions" )

Library Name

Name

sequence

OpioidCDSCommonConfig

Age Less than 18 Years Is Enabled

// CDC 2022 General Inclusion Criteria
define "Age Less than 18 Years Is Enabled":
  true

Library Name

Name

sequence

OpioidCDSRoutines

Patient Age Less Than 18

define "Patient Age Less Than 18":
  if (Config."Age Less than 18 Years Is Enabled") then
    AgeInYearsAt(Today()) < 18
  else false

Library Name

Name

sequence

OpioidCDSCommonConfig

Sickle Cell Check Enabled

// Sickle Cell
define "Sickle Cell Check Enabled":
  true

Library Name

Name

sequence

OpioidCDSCommonConfig

Sickle Cell Assumed Active

define "Sickle Cell Assumed Active":
  true

Library Name

Name

sequence

OpioidCDSCommon

US Core-Categorized Conditions

// 3. Medications indicating end of life
    /* or exists (
      "Medications Indicating End of Life"
    ) */

define "US Core-Categorized Conditions":
  [Condition: category in "Encounter Diagnosis Condition Category"]
    union [Condition: category in "Problem List Condition Category"]
    union [Condition: category in "US Core Health Concern Condition Category"]

Library Name

Name

sequence

OpioidCDSCommon

Positive Sickle Cell Condition

define "Positive Sickle Cell Condition":
  if Config."Sickle Cell Check Enabled" and not Config."Sickle Cell Assumed Active"
    then (
      "US Core-Categorized Conditions" C
        where C.code in "Sickle Cell Diseases"
          and C.clinicalStatus in "Active Condition"
    ) else if Config."Sickle Cell Check Enabled" and Config."Sickle Cell Assumed Active"
        then (
          "US Core-Categorized Conditions" C
            where C.code in "Sickle Cell Diseases"
        )
      else null

Library Name

Name

sequence

OpioidCDSRoutines

Condition Positive for Sickle Cell

define "Condition Positive for Sickle Cell":
  if (Config."Sickle Cell Check Enabled") then
    exists(
      Common."Positive Sickle Cell Condition"
    ) 
  else false

Library Name

Name

sequence

OpioidCDSCommonConfig

Active Cancer Treatment Encounters Condition Is Enabled

// Active Cancer Treatment
define "Active Cancer Treatment Encounters Condition Is Enabled":
  true

Library Name

Name

sequence

OpioidCDSRoutines

Encounter Period

// End of Opioid Naive Routine

/*
**  Routine #3
**  Active Cancer Treatment Routine
**
**  Definition                    | Answer to Proceed   | Details                                    | Data (Terminology) Requirement
**  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
**  Two office visits within the  | No                  | Look for a minimum of two distinct         | Office Visit
**  past 12 months                |                     | encounters within 12 months of the date    |
**                                |                     | of the current visit for which each of the |
**                                |                     | following is true:                         |
**                                |                     |   - the encounter diagnosis (primary or    |
**                                |                     |     secondary or co-morbidity diagnosis)   |
**                                |                     |     is listed in the CDC Malignant Cancer  |
**                                |                     |     Conditions value set                   |
**  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
**  Office visits with an         | No                  | The encounter is performed by an           | Oncology specialty
**  oncology specialist           |                     | oncologist as defined in the oncology      | designations (NUCC)
**  present                       |                     | specialty designations using the           |
**                                |                     | National Uniform Claim Committee           |
**                                |                     | (NUCC) classifications                     |
**  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
**  Office visits including CDC   | No                  | The encounter diagnosis (primary or        | CDC malignant cancer
**  malignant cancer              |                     | secondary or co-morbidity diagnosis)       | conditions
**  condition                     |                     | is listed in the CDC Malignant Cancer      |
**                                |                     | Conditions value set                       |
**  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
**
*/

define "Encounter Period":
  Interval[Today() - 12 months, Today())

Library Name

Name

sequence

OpioidCDSCommon

USCore Encounter Cancer Diagnoses

define "USCore Encounter Cancer Diagnoses":
  [Condition: category in "Encounter Diagnosis Condition Category"] CancerDiagnoses
    where CancerDiagnoses.code in "CDC malignant cancer conditions"

Library Name

Name

sequence

OpioidCDSRoutines

Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period

// encounter-diagnosis, problem-list and health-concern Conditions
// define "US Core-Categorized Cancer Diagnoses":
//   Common."US Core-Categorized Conditions" C
//     where C.code in Common."CDC malignant cancer conditions"

// define "Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period":
//   [Encounter] Encounter
//     with "US Core-Categorized Cancer Diagnoses" CancerDiagnosis
//     such that date from Encounter.period."start".value in day of "Encounter Period"
//       and EndsWith(CancerDiagnosis.encounter.reference, Encounter.id)

define "Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period":
  [Encounter] Encounters
    where date from Encounters.period."start" in day of "Encounter Period"
      and exists (
        Common."USCore Encounter Cancer Diagnoses" CancerDiagnoses
          where EndsWith(CancerDiagnoses.encounter.reference, Encounters.id)
      )

Library Name

Name

sequence

OpioidCDSRoutines

Number of Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period

define "Number of Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period":
  Count ("Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period")

Library Name

Name

sequence

OpioidCDSRoutines

Has Two or More Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period

define "Has Two or More Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period":
  "Number of Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period" >= 2

Library Name

Name

sequence

OpioidCDSCommon

USCore Problem List Cancer Diagnoses

define "USCore Problem List Cancer Diagnoses":
  [Condition: category in "Problem List Condition Category"] CancerDiagnoses
    where CancerDiagnoses.code in "CDC malignant cancer conditions"

Library Name

Name

sequence

OpioidCDSRoutines

Has Active Cancer Diagnosis on Problem List

define "Has Active Cancer Diagnosis on Problem List":
  exists (
    Common."USCore Problem List Cancer Diagnoses" CancerDiagnoses
      where CancerDiagnoses.category in Common."Problem List Condition Category"
        and exists(
          CancerDiagnoses.clinicalStatus.coding ClinicalStatus
            where ClinicalStatus.code ~ 'active'
        )
  )

Library Name

Name

sequence

OpioidCDSRoutines

Is Active Cancer Treatment?

define "Is Active Cancer Treatment?":
  if (Config."Active Cancer Treatment Encounters Condition Is Enabled") 
    then "Has Two or More Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period"
      or "Has Active Cancer Diagnosis on Problem List"
  else false

Library Name

Name

sequence

OpioidCDSCommonConfig

End-Stage Disease Criteria Enabled

// CDC 2022 General Inclusion Criteria
define "End-Stage Disease Criteria Enabled":
  true

Library Name

Name

sequence

OpioidCDSRoutines

Conditions Likely Terminal for Opioid Prescribing

define "Conditions Likely Terminal for Opioid Prescribing":
  if (Config."End-Stage Disease Criteria Enabled") then
    exists (
      Common."US Core-Categorized Conditions" EOLC
        where EOLC.code in Common."Conditions likely terminal for opioid prescribing"
          // and EOLC.clinicalStatus in Common."Active Condition"
    )
  else false

Library Name

Name

sequence

OpioidCDSRoutines

CDC 2022 Guideline General Inclusion Criteria

define "CDC 2022 Guideline General Inclusion Criteria":
  not "Patient Age Less Than 18"
    and not "Condition Positive for Sickle Cell"
    and not "Is Active Cancer Treatment?"
    and not "Conditions Likely Terminal for Opioid Prescribing"

Library Name

Name

sequence

OpioidCDSCommonConfig

Opioid Naive Prescription Condition Is Enabled

// Opioid Naive
define "Opioid Naive Prescription Condition Is Enabled":
  true

Library Name

Name

sequence

OpioidCDSCommonConfig

Can the implementing EHR support queries for past medications by date range?

// Subroutine 2 - Past Medications
define "Can the implementing EHR support queries for past medications by date range?":
  true

Library Name

Name

sequence

OpioidCDSCommon

Active Ambulatory Opioid Rx

define "Active Ambulatory Opioid Rx":
    if Config."Can the implementing EHR support queries for past medications by date range?" then
      (
        "Get MedicationRequest Medication as Code"("Get Active Ambulatory Medication Requests"([MedicationRequest]))
      ) Rx
        where date from Rx.authoredOn 2 years or less on or before Today()
          and Rx.medication in "Opioid analgesics with ambulatory misuse potential"
    else
        List<FHIR.MedicationRequest>{}

Library Name

Name

sequence

OpioidCDSRoutines

Prescription/Dispense Inclusion Period

// End of CDC 2022 General Inclusion Criteria Routine

/*
**  Routine #2
**  Opioid Naive Routine
**
**  Definition                    | Answer to Proceed   | Details                                           | Data (Terminology) Requirement
**  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
**  Opioid analgesics with        | No                  | Look for an existing prescription (order) for     | Opioid analgesics with
**  ambulatory misuse potential   |                     | opioid that is in the value set for opioid with   | ambulatory misuse potential
**  prescription in past 90 days  |                     | ambulatory abuse potential authored               |
**  excluding the previous 24     |                     | within the past 90 days (excluding previous 24    |
**  hours                         |                     | hours)                                            |
**  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
**  Opioid analgesics with        | No                  | Look for evidence of active medication on         | Opioid analgesics with
**  ambulatory misuse potential   |                     | the medication list that is in the value set      | ambulatory misuse potential
**  reported in past 90 days      |                     | for opioid with ambulatory care abuse             |
**  excluding previous 24 hours*  |                     | potential                                         |
**  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
**  Opioid analgesics with        | No                  | Look for evidence of a dispensing event for       | Opioid analgesics with
**  ambulatory misuse potential   |                     | medication that is in the value set for opioid    | ambulatory misuse potential
**  dispensing event in past 90   |                     | with ambulatory use potential occurring           |
**  days excluding previous 24    |                     | within the past 90 days (excluding previous 24    |
**  hours                         |                     | hours)                                            |
**  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
**  *Future consideration: Current algorithm addresses only orders (prescriptions).
**
**  Note – orders use RxNorm, but medication lists and dispensed medication will
**  require an NDC value set and/or local mapping of NDC to RxNorm to enable this element
**
*/

define "Prescription/Dispense Inclusion Period":
  Interval[Now() - 90 days, Now() - 24 hours]

Library Name

Name

sequence

OpioidCDSRoutines

Opioid RX with Ambulatory Abuse Potential In Past 90 Days

define "Opioid RX with Ambulatory Abuse Potential In Past 90 Days":
  Common."Active Ambulatory Opioid Rx" Rx
      where Rx.authoredOn during day of "Prescription/Dispense Inclusion Period"

Library Name

Name

sequence

OpioidCDSRoutines

Has Opioid RX with Ambulatory Abuse Potential In Past 90 Days

define "Has Opioid RX with Ambulatory Abuse Potential In Past 90 Days":
    if (Config."Opioid Naive Prescription Condition Is Enabled") then
      exists ("Opioid RX with Ambulatory Abuse Potential In Past 90 Days")
    else false

Library Name

Name

sequence

OpioidCDSRoutines

Opioid Dispense with Ambulatory Abuse Potential In Past 90 Days

// NOTE: 2020-02-05: Review direction of MedicationStatement resource (US-Core focusing on MedicationRequest i/o Statement)
// NOTE: 2020-04-21: MedicationStatement a) Shouldn't be use since guidance/direction from USCore is targeting MedicationUse in R5, and b) Breaks in the publisher
/* define "Reports of Opioid with Ambulatory Care Abuse Potential Reported in Past 90 Days":
    [MedicationStatement: Common."Opioid analgesics with ambulatory misuse potential"] Statement
        where Statement.status in {'active', 'completed'}
            and Statement.effective during day of "Report Inclusion Period" */

/* define "Has Report of Opioid with Ambulatory Care Abuse Potential Reported in Past 90 Days":
    Config."Opioid Naive Report Condition Is Enabled"
        and exists ("Reports of Opioid with Ambulatory Care Abuse Potential Reported in Past 90 Days") */

define "Opioid Dispense with Ambulatory Abuse Potential In Past 90 Days":
    [MedicationDispense: Common."Opioid analgesics with ambulatory misuse potential"] OpioidDispense
        where OpioidDispense.whenHandedOver during day of "Prescription/Dispense Inclusion Period"
            and OpioidDispense.status = 'completed'

Library Name

Name

sequence

OpioidCDSRoutines

Has Opioid Dispense with Ambulatory Abuse Potential In Past 90 Days

define "Has Opioid Dispense with Ambulatory Abuse Potential In Past 90 Days":
  if (Config."Opioid Naive Prescription Condition Is Enabled") then
    exists ("Opioid Dispense with Ambulatory Abuse Potential In Past 90 Days")
  else false

Library Name

Name

sequence

OpioidCDSRoutines

Is Opioid Naive?

// NOTE: MedicationStatement-dependent logic comment out due to bug in Publisher not supporting MedicationStatement in AllTypes.
define "Is Opioid Naive?":
    not ("Has Opioid RX with Ambulatory Abuse Potential In Past 90 Days")
    /* and not ("Has Report of Opioid with Ambulatory Care Abuse Potential Reported in Past 90 Days") */
    and not ("Has Opioid Dispense with Ambulatory Abuse Potential In Past 90 Days")

Library Name

Name

sequence

OpioidCDSCommonConfig

Opioid Treatment Plan Verification Enabled

// Recommendation 2
define "Opioid Treatment Plan Verification Enabled":
  true

Library Name

Name

sequence

OpioidCDSREC02

Treatment Plan Lookback Period

define "Treatment Plan Lookback Period":
  Interval[Today() - 90 days, Today()]

Library Name

Name

sequence

OpioidCDSREC02

Opioid Treatment Plan Creation or Update in Past 90 Days

define "Opioid Treatment Plan Creation or Update in Past 90 Days":
  [CarePlan: category in Common."Pain treatment plan"] PainTreatmentPlan
    where PainTreatmentPlan.status in { 'active', 'completed' }
      and (
        FHIRHelpers.ToDateTime( PainTreatmentPlan.created ) during day of "Treatment Plan Lookback Period"
          or PainTreatmentPlan.meta.lastUpdated during day of "Treatment Plan Lookback Period"
      )
      and exists(
        "Chronic Pain Opioid Analgesic with Ambulatory Misuse Potential Prescriptions".recorder Recorder
          where Recorder ~ PainTreatmentPlan.author
      )

Library Name

Name

sequence

OpioidCDSREC02

Had Opioid Treatment Plan Reviewed in Past 90 Days

define "Had Opioid Treatment Plan Reviewed in Past 90 Days":
  exists (
    [Procedure: Common."Pain management procedure"] PainManagementProcedure
      where PainManagementProcedure.performed during day of "Treatment Plan Lookback Period"
        and exists (
          PainManagementProcedure.performer Performer
            with "Chronic Pain Opioid Analgesic with Ambulatory Misuse Potential Prescriptions" ChronicPainScript
            such that Performer.actor ~ ChronicPainScript.recorder
        )
  )

Library Name

Name

sequence

OpioidCDSREC02

No Opioid Treatment Plan Created, was Edited or Reviewed in Past 90 Days?

define "No Opioid Treatment Plan Created, was Edited or Reviewed in Past 90 Days?":
  Config."Opioid Treatment Plan Verification Enabled"
    and not (
      exists ( "Opioid Treatment Plan Creation or Update in Past 90 Days" )
        or "Had Opioid Treatment Plan Reviewed in Past 90 Days"
    )

Library Name

Name

sequence

OpioidCDSREC02

Inclusion Criteria

define "Inclusion Criteria":
  "Patient Is Being Prescribed Opioid Analgesic with Ambulatory Misuse Potential"
    and Routines."CDC 2022 Guideline General Inclusion Criteria"
    and Routines."Is Opioid Naive?"
    and "No Opioid Treatment Plan Created, was Edited or Reviewed in Past 90 Days?"

Library Name

Name

sequence

OpioidCDSREC02

Is Recommendation Applicable?

define "Is Recommendation Applicable?":
  "Inclusion Criteria"

Library Name

Name

sequence

OpioidCDSCommon

Is Opioid Analgesic with Ambulatory Misuse Potential?

define function "Is Opioid Analgesic with Ambulatory Misuse Potential?"(value List<MedicationRequest>):
  ("Get MedicationRequest Medication as Code"(value)) Rx
    where Rx.medication in "Opioid analgesics with ambulatory misuse potential" 
      and Rx.category in "Community"

Library Name

Name

sequence

OpioidCDSCommon

Get MedicationRequest Medication as Code

define function "Get MedicationRequest Medication as Code"(value List<MedicationRequest>):
  value Rx
    let Med: 
      if Rx.medication is Reference then singleton from (
        [Medication] M
          where M.id = (Last(Split((Rx.medication as FHIR.Reference).reference, '/')))
      ) else null
    return 
      MedicationRequest {
        id: Rx.id,
        status: Rx.status,
        intent: Rx.intent,
        category: Rx.category,
        medication: if Rx.medication is Reference then Med.code else Rx.medication as CodeableConcept,
        subject: Rx.subject,
        authoredOn: Rx.authoredOn,
        recorder: Rx.recorder,
        dosageInstruction: Rx.dosageInstruction,
        dispenseRequest: Rx.dispenseRequest
      }

Library Name

Name

sequence

FHIRHelpers

ToString

define function ToString(value string): value.value

Library Name

Name

sequence

FHIRHelpers

ToConcept

define function ToConcept(concept FHIR.CodeableConcept):
    if concept is null then
        null
    else
        System.Concept {
            codes: concept.coding C return ToCode(C),
            display: concept.text.value
        }

Library Name

Name

sequence

FHIRHelpers

ToCode

define function ToCode(coding FHIR.Coding):
    if coding is null then
        null
    else
        System.Code {
          code: coding.code.value,
          system: coding.system.value,
          version: coding.version.value,
          display: coding.display.value
        }

Library Name

Name

sequence

OpioidCDSRoutines

Is Subacute or Chronic Pain Prescription?

// End of Active Cancer Treatment Routine

/*
**  Routine #4
**  For Subacute or Chronic Pain Routine
**
**  Definition                  | Answer to Proceed   | Details                                        | Data (Terminology) Requirement
**  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
**  Order for opioid analgesic  | Yes                 | Order for opioid analgesics with ambulatory    | Opioid analgesics with
**  with expected supply        |                     | misuse potential with a supply duration of >=  | ambulatory misuse potential
**  duration >= 28 days         |                     | 28 days                                        |
**                              |                     |                                                |
**                              |                     | - Subacute definition = order for opioid       |
**                              |                     |   analgesics with ambulatory misuse            |
**                              |                     |   potential with a supply duration of one to   |
**                              |                     |   two months.                                  |
**                              |                     | - Chronic pain definition = order for opioid   |
**                              |                     |   analgesics with ambulatory misuse            |
**                              |                     |   potential with a supply duration of >= two   |
**                              |                     |   months.                                      |
**  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
**
*/

define function "Is Subacute or Chronic Pain Prescription?"(prescription FHIR.MedicationRequest):
  "Is Subacute or Chronic Pain Using Expected Supply Duration"(prescription)
    or "Is Subacute or Chronic Pain Using Validity Period"(prescription)

Library Name

Name

sequence

OpioidCDSRoutines

Is Subacute or Chronic Pain Using Expected Supply Duration

define function "Is Subacute or Chronic Pain Using Expected Supply Duration"(prescription FHIR.MedicationRequest):
  (
    prescription.dispenseRequest is not null
      and prescription.dispenseRequest.expectedSupplyDuration is not null
      and (
        Common.GetDurationInDays(prescription.dispenseRequest.expectedSupplyDuration) >= 28 days 
      )
  )

Library Name

Name

sequence

OpioidCDSCommon

GetDurationInDays

define function GetDurationInDays(value FHIR.Duration):
  if value is null then null
  else
    case
      when value.code.value ~ 'a' then System.Quantity{ value: value.value.value * 365.0, unit: 'days' }
      when value.code.value ~ 'mo' then System.Quantity{ value: value.value.value * 30.0, unit: 'days' }
      when value.code.value ~ 'wk' then System.Quantity{ value: value.value.value * 7.0, unit: 'days' }
      when value.code.value ~ 'd' then System.Quantity{ value: value.value.value, unit: 'days' }
      when value.code.value ~ 'h' then System.Quantity{ value: value.value.value / 24.0, unit: 'days' }
      when value.code.value ~ 'min' then System.Quantity{ value: value.value.value / 60.0 / 24.0, unit: 'days' }
      when value.code.value ~ 's' then System.Quantity{ value: value.value.value / 60.0 / 60.0 / 24.0, unit: 'days' }
      when value.code.value ~ 'ms' then System.Quantity{ value: value.value.value / 60.0 / 60.0 / 24.0 / 1000.0, unit: 'days' }
      when value.code.value is null then Message(1000, true, 'Undefined', 'Error', 'Duration unit code is null')
      else Message(1000, true, 'Undefined', 'Error', 'Unsupported duration unit code: ' + value.code.value)
end

Library Name

Name

sequence

OpioidCDSRoutines

Is Subacute or Chronic Pain Using Validity Period

define function "Is Subacute or Chronic Pain Using Validity Period"(prescription FHIR.MedicationRequest):
  (
    prescription.dispenseRequest is not null
      and prescription.dispenseRequest.validityPeriod is not null
      and (
        days between prescription.dispenseRequest.validityPeriod.start and prescription.dispenseRequest.validityPeriod.end >= 28 
      )
  )

Library Name

Name

sequence

FHIRHelpers

ToDateTime

define function ToDateTime(value dateTime): value.value

Library Name

Name

sequence

OpioidCDSCommon

Get Active Ambulatory Medication Requests

define function "Get Active Ambulatory Medication Requests" (value List<MedicationRequest>) returns List<MedicationRequest>:
  value Rx
    where Rx.status.value = 'active'
      and Rx.category in "Community"

Library Name

Name

sequence

FHIRHelpers

ToString

define function ToString(value MedicationDispenseStatus): value.value

Library Name

Name

sequence

FHIRHelpers

ToString

define function ToString(value CarePlanStatus): value.value

Library Name

Name

sequence

FHIRHelpers

ToDateTime

define function ToDateTime(value instant): value.value

Knowledge Capability: shareable computable executable publishable

Use Context:

code

value

display

focus

182888003

Medication requested (situation)

focus

82423001

Chronic pain (finding)

focus

Purpose:

The 2022 CDC Clinical Practice Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Pain is intended to improve communication between clinicians and patients about the benefits and risks of pain treatments, including opioid therapy; improve the effectiveness and safety of pain treatment; mitigate pain; improve function and quality of life for patients with pain; and reduce risks associated with opioid pain therapy, including opioid use disorder, overdose, and death. The recommendations do not apply to pain related to sickle cell disease or cancer or to patients receiving palliative or end-of-life care.

Usage: Before starting opioid therapy for subacute or chronic pain, clinicians should discuss with patients the realistic benefits and known risks of opioid therapy, should work with patients to establish treatment goals for pain and function, and should consider how opioid therapy will be discontinued if benefits do not outweigh risks.

Copyright:

Related Artifacts:

Documentation

2022 CDC Clinical Practice Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Pain

Libraries:

Library - Recommendation #2 - Opioid Therapy Goals Discussion

Actions:

Maximize Nonopioid Therapies as Appropriate: For many types of subacute and chronic pain, consider maximizing the use of nonpharmacologic and nonopioid pharmacologic therapies as appropriate. [Recommendation 2 of the CDC 2022 Clinical Prescribing Guideline](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm#Recommendation2) provides nonopioid therapy recommendations for common subacute and acute pain conditions. **Nonopioid Pharmacological Therapy** - [Back pain (chronic, moderate to severe)](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm#:~:text=For%20moderate%20to%20severe%20chronic%20back%20pain%20or%20hip%20or%20knee%20osteoarthritis%20pain%2C%20a%20nonopioid%20strategy%20starting%20with%20acetaminophen%20or%20NSAIDs%20results%20in%20improved%20pain%20intensity%20with%20fewer%20side%20effects%20compared%20with%20a%20strategy%20starting%20with%20opioids%20(74)) - [Fibromyalgia](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm#:~:text=In%20patients%20with%20fibromyalgia%2C%20multiple,effectiveness%20is%20limited%20(8).) - [Hip or knee osteoarthritis pain (chronic)](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm#:~:text=or%20hip%20or%20knee%20osteoarthritis%20pain%2C%20a%20nonopioid%20strategy%20starting%20with%20acetaminophen%20or%20NSAIDs%20results%20in%20improved%20pain%20intensity%20with%20fewer%20side%20effects%20compared%20with%20a%20strategy%20starting%20with%20opioids%20(74).) - [Neuropathic pain syndromes](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm#:~:text=Tricyclic%20antidepressants%2C%20SNRI%20antidepressants%2C%20selected%20anticonvulsants%2C%20or%20transdermal%20lidocaine%20are%20recommended%20for%20neuropathic%20pain%20syndromes%20(e.g.%2C%20diabetic%20neuropathy%20or%20postherpetic%20neuralgia)%20(156).) - [Temporomandibular disorder](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm#:~:text=For%20temporomandibular%20disorder%20pain%20that%20is%20not%20sufficiently%20improved%20with%20nonpharmacologic%20interventions%2C%20NSAIDs%20can%20be%20effective%20(179%2C180).) **Nonpharmacologic Treatments** - [Back pain (chronic)](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm#:~:text=Clinicians%20should%20recommend%20appropriate%20noninvasive%20nonpharmacologic%20approaches%20to%20help%20manage%20chronic%20pain%2C%20such%20as%20exercise%20(e.g.%2C%20aerobic%2C%20aquatic%2C%20or%20resistance%20exercises)%20or%20exercise%20therapy%20(a%20prominent%20modality%20in%20physical%20therapy)%20for%20back%20pain) - [Back pain (low back, chronic)](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm#:~:text=loss%20for%20knee%20osteoarthritis%3B%20manual%20therapies%20for%20hip%20osteoarthritis%3B-,psychological%20therapy%2C%20spinal%20manipulation%2C%20low%2Dlevel%20laser%20therapy%2C%20massage%2C%20mindfulness%2Dbased%20stress%20reduction%2C%20yoga%2C%20acupuncture%2C%20and%20multidisciplinary%20rehabilitation%20for%20low%20back%20pain,-%3B%20mind%2Dbody%20practices%20(e.g.%2C%20yoga%2C%20tai%20chi%2C%20or) - [Fibromyalgia](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm#:~:text=massage%2C%20and%20acupuncture%20for%20neck%20pain%3B%20cognitive-,behavioral%20therapy%2C%20myofascial%20release%20massage%2C%20mindfulness%20practices%2C%20tai%20chi%2C%20qigong%2C%20acupuncture%2C%20and%20multidisciplinary%20rehabilitation%20for%20fibromyalgia,-%3B%20and%20spinal%20manipulation%20for%20tension%20headache%20() - [Headache (tension)](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm#:~:text=and%20spinal%20manipulation%20for%20tension%20headache.) - [Knee osteoarthritis pain (chronic)](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm#:~:text=Many%20noninvasive%20nonpharmacologic,for%20hip%20osteoarthritis%3B) - [Neck pain](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm#:~:text=mind%2Dbody%20practices%20(e.g.%2C%20yoga%2C%20tai%20chi%2C%20or%20qigong)%2C%20massage%2C%20and%20acupuncture%20for%20neck%20pain%3B) - [Temporomandibular disorder](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm#:~:text=For%20temporomandibular%20disorder%20pain%2C%20patient%20education%20and%20self%2Dcare%20can%20be%20effective%2C%20as%20can%20occlusal%20splints%20for%20some%20patients%20and%20biobehavioral%20therapy%20for%20prevention%20of%20disabling%20symptoms%20(172%2C173).)
When: Named Event: order-sign
If: Applicability: Check whether the current order is for an opioid with ambulatory misuse potential, a pain treatment plan has been established or edited within the past 90 days, a pain management procedure occurred within the past 90 days, the patient is opioid naive and if the 2022 CDC guideline general inclusion criteria is met (Is Recommendation Applicable?)
Then:

: Document - Collaborated with patient to identify treatment goals
Then:

: Snooze* - Attempting alternate therapy, snooze 3 months
Then:

: Order - Select alternative therapies from order select
Then:

: Snooze* - N/A see comment, snooze 3 months
Then:

: Remove - Will remove triggering medication order
Then:

Source

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          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Patient Is Being Prescribed Opioid Analgesic with Ambulatory Misuse Potential"
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          "url": "statement",
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      "extension": [
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          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSCommonConfig"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Age Less than 18 Years Is Enabled"
        },
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          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "// CDC 2022 General Inclusion Criteria\ndefine \"Age Less than 18 Years Is Enabled\":\n  true"
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          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 2
        }
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      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSRoutines"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Patient Age Less Than 18"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define \"Patient Age Less Than 18\":\n  if (Config.\"Age Less than 18 Years Is Enabled\") then\n    AgeInYearsAt(Today()) < 18\n  else false"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 3
        }
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    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSCommonConfig"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Sickle Cell Check Enabled"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "// Sickle Cell\ndefine \"Sickle Cell Check Enabled\":\n  true"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 4
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSCommonConfig"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Sickle Cell Assumed Active"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define \"Sickle Cell Assumed Active\":\n  true"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 5
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      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSCommon"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "US Core-Categorized Conditions"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "// 3. Medications indicating end of life\n    /* or exists (\n      \"Medications Indicating End of Life\"\n    ) */\n\ndefine \"US Core-Categorized Conditions\":\n  [Condition: category in \"Encounter Diagnosis Condition Category\"]\n    union [Condition: category in \"Problem List Condition Category\"]\n    union [Condition: category in \"US Core Health Concern Condition Category\"]"
        },
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          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 6
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      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
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    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSCommon"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Positive Sickle Cell Condition"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define \"Positive Sickle Cell Condition\":\n  if Config.\"Sickle Cell Check Enabled\" and not Config.\"Sickle Cell Assumed Active\"\n    then (\n      \"US Core-Categorized Conditions\" C\n        where C.code in \"Sickle Cell Diseases\"\n          and C.clinicalStatus in \"Active Condition\"\n    ) else if Config.\"Sickle Cell Check Enabled\" and Config.\"Sickle Cell Assumed Active\"\n        then (\n          \"US Core-Categorized Conditions\" C\n            where C.code in \"Sickle Cell Diseases\"\n        )\n      else null"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 7
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSRoutines"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Condition Positive for Sickle Cell"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define \"Condition Positive for Sickle Cell\":\n  if (Config.\"Sickle Cell Check Enabled\") then\n    exists(\n      Common.\"Positive Sickle Cell Condition\"\n    ) \n  else false"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 8
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSCommonConfig"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Active Cancer Treatment Encounters Condition Is Enabled"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "// Active Cancer Treatment\ndefine \"Active Cancer Treatment Encounters Condition Is Enabled\":\n  true"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 9
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
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    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSRoutines"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Encounter Period"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "// End of Opioid Naive Routine\n\n/*\n**  Routine #3\n**  Active Cancer Treatment Routine\n**\n**  Definition                    | Answer to Proceed   | Details                                    | Data (Terminology) Requirement\n**  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n**  Two office visits within the  | No                  | Look for a minimum of two distinct         | Office Visit\n**  past 12 months                |                     | encounters within 12 months of the date    |\n**                                |                     | of the current visit for which each of the |\n**                                |                     | following is true:                         |\n**                                |                     |   - the encounter diagnosis (primary or    |\n**                                |                     |     secondary or co-morbidity diagnosis)   |\n**                                |                     |     is listed in the CDC Malignant Cancer  |\n**                                |                     |     Conditions value set                   |\n**  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n**  Office visits with an         | No                  | The encounter is performed by an           | Oncology specialty\n**  oncology specialist           |                     | oncologist as defined in the oncology      | designations (NUCC)\n**  present                       |                     | specialty designations using the           |\n**                                |                     | National Uniform Claim Committee           |\n**                                |                     | (NUCC) classifications                     |\n**  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n**  Office visits including CDC   | No                  | The encounter diagnosis (primary or        | CDC malignant cancer\n**  malignant cancer              |                     | secondary or co-morbidity diagnosis)       | conditions\n**  condition                     |                     | is listed in the CDC Malignant Cancer      |\n**                                |                     | Conditions value set                       |\n**  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n**\n*/\n\ndefine \"Encounter Period\":\n  Interval[Today() - 12 months, Today())"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 10
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
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        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSCommon"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "USCore Encounter Cancer Diagnoses"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define \"USCore Encounter Cancer Diagnoses\":\n  [Condition: category in \"Encounter Diagnosis Condition Category\"] CancerDiagnoses\n    where CancerDiagnoses.code in \"CDC malignant cancer conditions\""
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 11
        }
      ],
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    },
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          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSRoutines"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "// encounter-diagnosis, problem-list and health-concern Conditions\n// define \"US Core-Categorized Cancer Diagnoses\":\n//   Common.\"US Core-Categorized Conditions\" C\n//     where C.code in Common.\"CDC malignant cancer conditions\"\n\n// define \"Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period\":\n//   [Encounter] Encounter\n//     with \"US Core-Categorized Cancer Diagnoses\" CancerDiagnosis\n//     such that date from Encounter.period.\"start\".value in day of \"Encounter Period\"\n//       and EndsWith(CancerDiagnosis.encounter.reference, Encounter.id)\n\ndefine \"Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period\":\n  [Encounter] Encounters\n    where date from Encounters.period.\"start\" in day of \"Encounter Period\"\n      and exists (\n        Common.\"USCore Encounter Cancer Diagnoses\" CancerDiagnoses\n          where EndsWith(CancerDiagnoses.encounter.reference, Encounters.id)\n      )"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 12
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSRoutines"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Number of Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define \"Number of Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period\":\n  Count (\"Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period\")"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 13
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSRoutines"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Has Two or More Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define \"Has Two or More Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period\":\n  \"Number of Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period\" >= 2"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 14
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSCommon"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "USCore Problem List Cancer Diagnoses"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define \"USCore Problem List Cancer Diagnoses\":\n  [Condition: category in \"Problem List Condition Category\"] CancerDiagnoses\n    where CancerDiagnoses.code in \"CDC malignant cancer conditions\""
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 15
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSRoutines"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Has Active Cancer Diagnosis on Problem List"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define \"Has Active Cancer Diagnosis on Problem List\":\n  exists (\n    Common.\"USCore Problem List Cancer Diagnoses\" CancerDiagnoses\n      where CancerDiagnoses.category in Common.\"Problem List Condition Category\"\n        and exists(\n          CancerDiagnoses.clinicalStatus.coding ClinicalStatus\n            where ClinicalStatus.code ~ 'active'\n        )\n  )"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 16
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSRoutines"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Is Active Cancer Treatment?"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define \"Is Active Cancer Treatment?\":\n  if (Config.\"Active Cancer Treatment Encounters Condition Is Enabled\") \n    then \"Has Two or More Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period\"\n      or \"Has Active Cancer Diagnosis on Problem List\"\n  else false"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 17
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSCommonConfig"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "End-Stage Disease Criteria Enabled"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "// CDC 2022 General Inclusion Criteria\ndefine \"End-Stage Disease Criteria Enabled\":\n  true"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 18
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSRoutines"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Conditions Likely Terminal for Opioid Prescribing"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define \"Conditions Likely Terminal for Opioid Prescribing\":\n  if (Config.\"End-Stage Disease Criteria Enabled\") then\n    exists (\n      Common.\"US Core-Categorized Conditions\" EOLC\n        where EOLC.code in Common.\"Conditions likely terminal for opioid prescribing\"\n          // and EOLC.clinicalStatus in Common.\"Active Condition\"\n    )\n  else false"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 19
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSRoutines"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "CDC 2022 Guideline General Inclusion Criteria"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define \"CDC 2022 Guideline General Inclusion Criteria\":\n  not \"Patient Age Less Than 18\"\n    and not \"Condition Positive for Sickle Cell\"\n    and not \"Is Active Cancer Treatment?\"\n    and not \"Conditions Likely Terminal for Opioid Prescribing\""
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 20
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSCommonConfig"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Opioid Naive Prescription Condition Is Enabled"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "// Opioid Naive\ndefine \"Opioid Naive Prescription Condition Is Enabled\":\n  true"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 21
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSCommonConfig"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Can the implementing EHR support queries for past medications by date range?"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "// Subroutine 2 - Past Medications\ndefine \"Can the implementing EHR support queries for past medications by date range?\":\n  true"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 22
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSCommon"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Active Ambulatory Opioid Rx"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define \"Active Ambulatory Opioid Rx\":\n    if Config.\"Can the implementing EHR support queries for past medications by date range?\" then\n      (\n        \"Get MedicationRequest Medication as Code\"(\"Get Active Ambulatory Medication Requests\"([MedicationRequest]))\n      ) Rx\n        where date from Rx.authoredOn 2 years or less on or before Today()\n          and Rx.medication in \"Opioid analgesics with ambulatory misuse potential\"\n    else\n        List<FHIR.MedicationRequest>{}"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 23
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSRoutines"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Prescription/Dispense Inclusion Period"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "// End of CDC 2022 General Inclusion Criteria Routine\n\n/*\n**  Routine #2\n**  Opioid Naive Routine\n**\n**  Definition                    | Answer to Proceed   | Details                                           | Data (Terminology) Requirement\n**  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n**  Opioid analgesics with        | No                  | Look for an existing prescription (order) for     | Opioid analgesics with\n**  ambulatory misuse potential   |                     | opioid that is in the value set for opioid with   | ambulatory misuse potential\n**  prescription in past 90 days  |                     | ambulatory abuse potential authored               |\n**  excluding the previous 24     |                     | within the past 90 days (excluding previous 24    |\n**  hours                         |                     | hours)                                            |\n**  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n**  Opioid analgesics with        | No                  | Look for evidence of active medication on         | Opioid analgesics with\n**  ambulatory misuse potential   |                     | the medication list that is in the value set      | ambulatory misuse potential\n**  reported in past 90 days      |                     | for opioid with ambulatory care abuse             |\n**  excluding previous 24 hours*  |                     | potential                                         |\n**  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n**  Opioid analgesics with        | No                  | Look for evidence of a dispensing event for       | Opioid analgesics with\n**  ambulatory misuse potential   |                     | medication that is in the value set for opioid    | ambulatory misuse potential\n**  dispensing event in past 90   |                     | with ambulatory use potential occurring           |\n**  days excluding previous 24    |                     | within the past 90 days (excluding previous 24    |\n**  hours                         |                     | hours)                                            |\n**  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n**  *Future consideration: Current algorithm addresses only orders (prescriptions).\n**\n**  Note – orders use RxNorm, but medication lists and dispensed medication will\n**  require an NDC value set and/or local mapping of NDC to RxNorm to enable this element\n**\n*/\n\ndefine \"Prescription/Dispense Inclusion Period\":\n  Interval[Now() - 90 days, Now() - 24 hours]"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 24
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSRoutines"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Opioid RX with Ambulatory Abuse Potential In Past 90 Days"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define \"Opioid RX with Ambulatory Abuse Potential In Past 90 Days\":\n  Common.\"Active Ambulatory Opioid Rx\" Rx\n      where Rx.authoredOn during day of \"Prescription/Dispense Inclusion Period\""
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 25
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSRoutines"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Has Opioid RX with Ambulatory Abuse Potential In Past 90 Days"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define \"Has Opioid RX with Ambulatory Abuse Potential In Past 90 Days\":\n    if (Config.\"Opioid Naive Prescription Condition Is Enabled\") then\n      exists (\"Opioid RX with Ambulatory Abuse Potential In Past 90 Days\")\n    else false"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 26
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSRoutines"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Opioid Dispense with Ambulatory Abuse Potential In Past 90 Days"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "// NOTE: 2020-02-05: Review direction of MedicationStatement resource (US-Core focusing on MedicationRequest i/o Statement)\n// NOTE: 2020-04-21: MedicationStatement a) Shouldn't be use since guidance/direction from USCore is targeting MedicationUse in R5, and b) Breaks in the publisher\n/* define \"Reports of Opioid with Ambulatory Care Abuse Potential Reported in Past 90 Days\":\n    [MedicationStatement: Common.\"Opioid analgesics with ambulatory misuse potential\"] Statement\n        where Statement.status in {'active', 'completed'}\n            and Statement.effective during day of \"Report Inclusion Period\" */\n\n/* define \"Has Report of Opioid with Ambulatory Care Abuse Potential Reported in Past 90 Days\":\n    Config.\"Opioid Naive Report Condition Is Enabled\"\n        and exists (\"Reports of Opioid with Ambulatory Care Abuse Potential Reported in Past 90 Days\") */\n\ndefine \"Opioid Dispense with Ambulatory Abuse Potential In Past 90 Days\":\n    [MedicationDispense: Common.\"Opioid analgesics with ambulatory misuse potential\"] OpioidDispense\n        where OpioidDispense.whenHandedOver during day of \"Prescription/Dispense Inclusion Period\"\n            and OpioidDispense.status = 'completed'"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 27
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSRoutines"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Has Opioid Dispense with Ambulatory Abuse Potential In Past 90 Days"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define \"Has Opioid Dispense with Ambulatory Abuse Potential In Past 90 Days\":\n  if (Config.\"Opioid Naive Prescription Condition Is Enabled\") then\n    exists (\"Opioid Dispense with Ambulatory Abuse Potential In Past 90 Days\")\n  else false"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 28
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSRoutines"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Is Opioid Naive?"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "// NOTE: MedicationStatement-dependent logic comment out due to bug in Publisher not supporting MedicationStatement in AllTypes.\ndefine \"Is Opioid Naive?\":\n    not (\"Has Opioid RX with Ambulatory Abuse Potential In Past 90 Days\")\n    /* and not (\"Has Report of Opioid with Ambulatory Care Abuse Potential Reported in Past 90 Days\") */\n    and not (\"Has Opioid Dispense with Ambulatory Abuse Potential In Past 90 Days\")"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 29
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSCommonConfig"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Opioid Treatment Plan Verification Enabled"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "// Recommendation 2\ndefine \"Opioid Treatment Plan Verification Enabled\":\n  true"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 30
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSREC02"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Treatment Plan Lookback Period"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define \"Treatment Plan Lookback Period\":\n  Interval[Today() - 90 days, Today()]"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 31
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSREC02"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Opioid Treatment Plan Creation or Update in Past 90 Days"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define \"Opioid Treatment Plan Creation or Update in Past 90 Days\":\n  [CarePlan: category in Common.\"Pain treatment plan\"] PainTreatmentPlan\n    where PainTreatmentPlan.status in { 'active', 'completed' }\n      and (\n        FHIRHelpers.ToDateTime( PainTreatmentPlan.created ) during day of \"Treatment Plan Lookback Period\"\n          or PainTreatmentPlan.meta.lastUpdated during day of \"Treatment Plan Lookback Period\"\n      )\n      and exists(\n        \"Chronic Pain Opioid Analgesic with Ambulatory Misuse Potential Prescriptions\".recorder Recorder\n          where Recorder ~ PainTreatmentPlan.author\n      )"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 32
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSREC02"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Had Opioid Treatment Plan Reviewed in Past 90 Days"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define \"Had Opioid Treatment Plan Reviewed in Past 90 Days\":\n  exists (\n    [Procedure: Common.\"Pain management procedure\"] PainManagementProcedure\n      where PainManagementProcedure.performed during day of \"Treatment Plan Lookback Period\"\n        and exists (\n          PainManagementProcedure.performer Performer\n            with \"Chronic Pain Opioid Analgesic with Ambulatory Misuse Potential Prescriptions\" ChronicPainScript\n            such that Performer.actor ~ ChronicPainScript.recorder\n        )\n  )"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 33
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSREC02"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "No Opioid Treatment Plan Created, was Edited or Reviewed in Past 90 Days?"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define \"No Opioid Treatment Plan Created, was Edited or Reviewed in Past 90 Days?\":\n  Config.\"Opioid Treatment Plan Verification Enabled\"\n    and not (\n      exists ( \"Opioid Treatment Plan Creation or Update in Past 90 Days\" )\n        or \"Had Opioid Treatment Plan Reviewed in Past 90 Days\"\n    )"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 34
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSREC02"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Inclusion Criteria"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define \"Inclusion Criteria\":\n  \"Patient Is Being Prescribed Opioid Analgesic with Ambulatory Misuse Potential\"\n    and Routines.\"CDC 2022 Guideline General Inclusion Criteria\"\n    and Routines.\"Is Opioid Naive?\"\n    and \"No Opioid Treatment Plan Created, was Edited or Reviewed in Past 90 Days?\""
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 35
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSREC02"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Is Recommendation Applicable?"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define \"Is Recommendation Applicable?\":\n  \"Inclusion Criteria\""
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 36
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSCommon"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Is Opioid Analgesic with Ambulatory Misuse Potential?"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define function \"Is Opioid Analgesic with Ambulatory Misuse Potential?\"(value List<MedicationRequest>):\n  (\"Get MedicationRequest Medication as Code\"(value)) Rx\n    where Rx.medication in \"Opioid analgesics with ambulatory misuse potential\" \n      and Rx.category in \"Community\""
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 37
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSCommon"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Get MedicationRequest Medication as Code"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define function \"Get MedicationRequest Medication as Code\"(value List<MedicationRequest>):\n  value Rx\n    let Med: \n      if Rx.medication is Reference then singleton from (\n        [Medication] M\n          where M.id = (Last(Split((Rx.medication as FHIR.Reference).reference, '/')))\n      ) else null\n    return \n      MedicationRequest {\n        id: Rx.id,\n        status: Rx.status,\n        intent: Rx.intent,\n        category: Rx.category,\n        medication: if Rx.medication is Reference then Med.code else Rx.medication as CodeableConcept,\n        subject: Rx.subject,\n        authoredOn: Rx.authoredOn,\n        recorder: Rx.recorder,\n        dosageInstruction: Rx.dosageInstruction,\n        dispenseRequest: Rx.dispenseRequest\n      }"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 38
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "FHIRHelpers"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "ToString"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define function ToString(value string): value.value"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 39
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "FHIRHelpers"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "ToConcept"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define function ToConcept(concept FHIR.CodeableConcept):\n    if concept is null then\n        null\n    else\n        System.Concept {\n            codes: concept.coding C return ToCode(C),\n            display: concept.text.value\n        }"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 40
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "FHIRHelpers"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "ToCode"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define function ToCode(coding FHIR.Coding):\n    if coding is null then\n        null\n    else\n        System.Code {\n          code: coding.code.value,\n          system: coding.system.value,\n          version: coding.version.value,\n          display: coding.display.value\n        }"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 41
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSRoutines"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Is Subacute or Chronic Pain Prescription?"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "// End of Active Cancer Treatment Routine\n\n/*\n**  Routine #4\n**  For Subacute or Chronic Pain Routine\n**\n**  Definition                  | Answer to Proceed   | Details                                        | Data (Terminology) Requirement\n**  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n**  Order for opioid analgesic  | Yes                 | Order for opioid analgesics with ambulatory    | Opioid analgesics with\n**  with expected supply        |                     | misuse potential with a supply duration of >=  | ambulatory misuse potential\n**  duration >= 28 days         |                     | 28 days                                        |\n**                              |                     |                                                |\n**                              |                     | - Subacute definition = order for opioid       |\n**                              |                     |   analgesics with ambulatory misuse            |\n**                              |                     |   potential with a supply duration of one to   |\n**                              |                     |   two months.                                  |\n**                              |                     | - Chronic pain definition = order for opioid   |\n**                              |                     |   analgesics with ambulatory misuse            |\n**                              |                     |   potential with a supply duration of >= two   |\n**                              |                     |   months.                                      |\n**  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n**\n*/\n\ndefine function \"Is Subacute or Chronic Pain Prescription?\"(prescription FHIR.MedicationRequest):\n  \"Is Subacute or Chronic Pain Using Expected Supply Duration\"(prescription)\n    or \"Is Subacute or Chronic Pain Using Validity Period\"(prescription)"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 42
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSRoutines"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Is Subacute or Chronic Pain Using Expected Supply Duration"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define function \"Is Subacute or Chronic Pain Using Expected Supply Duration\"(prescription FHIR.MedicationRequest):\n  (\n    prescription.dispenseRequest is not null\n      and prescription.dispenseRequest.expectedSupplyDuration is not null\n      and (\n        Common.GetDurationInDays(prescription.dispenseRequest.expectedSupplyDuration) >= 28 days \n      )\n  )"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 43
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSCommon"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "GetDurationInDays"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define function GetDurationInDays(value FHIR.Duration):\n  if value is null then null\n  else\n    case\n      when value.code.value ~ 'a' then System.Quantity{ value: value.value.value * 365.0, unit: 'days' }\n      when value.code.value ~ 'mo' then System.Quantity{ value: value.value.value * 30.0, unit: 'days' }\n      when value.code.value ~ 'wk' then System.Quantity{ value: value.value.value * 7.0, unit: 'days' }\n      when value.code.value ~ 'd' then System.Quantity{ value: value.value.value, unit: 'days' }\n      when value.code.value ~ 'h' then System.Quantity{ value: value.value.value / 24.0, unit: 'days' }\n      when value.code.value ~ 'min' then System.Quantity{ value: value.value.value / 60.0 / 24.0, unit: 'days' }\n      when value.code.value ~ 's' then System.Quantity{ value: value.value.value / 60.0 / 60.0 / 24.0, unit: 'days' }\n      when value.code.value ~ 'ms' then System.Quantity{ value: value.value.value / 60.0 / 60.0 / 24.0 / 1000.0, unit: 'days' }\n      when value.code.value is null then Message(1000, true, 'Undefined', 'Error', 'Duration unit code is null')\n      else Message(1000, true, 'Undefined', 'Error', 'Unsupported duration unit code: ' + value.code.value)\nend"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 44
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSRoutines"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Is Subacute or Chronic Pain Using Validity Period"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define function \"Is Subacute or Chronic Pain Using Validity Period\"(prescription FHIR.MedicationRequest):\n  (\n    prescription.dispenseRequest is not null\n      and prescription.dispenseRequest.validityPeriod is not null\n      and (\n        days between prescription.dispenseRequest.validityPeriod.start and prescription.dispenseRequest.validityPeriod.end >= 28 \n      )\n  )"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 45
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "FHIRHelpers"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "ToDateTime"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define function ToDateTime(value dateTime): value.value"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 46
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "OpioidCDSCommon"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "Get Active Ambulatory Medication Requests"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define function \"Get Active Ambulatory Medication Requests\" (value List<MedicationRequest>) returns List<MedicationRequest>:\n  value Rx\n    where Rx.status.value = 'active'\n      and Rx.category in \"Community\""
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 47
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "FHIRHelpers"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "ToString"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define function ToString(value MedicationDispenseStatus): value.value"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 48
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "FHIRHelpers"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "ToString"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define function ToString(value CarePlanStatus): value.value"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 49
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "libraryName",
          "valueString": "FHIRHelpers"
        },
        {
          "url": "name",
          "valueString": "ToDateTime"
        },
        {
          "url": "statement",
          "valueString": "define function ToDateTime(value instant): value.value"
        },
        {
          "url": "displaySequence",
          "valueInteger": 50
        }
      ],
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition"
    },
    {
      "id": "effective-data-requirements",
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/uv/crmi/StructureDefinition/crmi-effectiveDataRequirements",
      "valueCanonical": "#effective-data-requirements"
    },
    {
      "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/uv/crmi/StructureDefinition/crmi-softwaresystem",
      "valueReference": {
        "reference": "Device/cqf-tooling"
      }
    }
  ],
  "url": "http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/PlanDefinition/opioidcds-02",
  "identifier": [
    {
      "use": "official",
      "value": "cdc-opioid-guidance"
    }
  ],
  "version": "2022.1.0",
  "name": "PlanDefinition_Recommendation_02_Order_Sign",
  "title": "Recommendation #2 - Opioid Therapy Goals Discussion",
  "type": {
    "coding": [
      {
        "system": "http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/plan-definition-type",
        "code": "eca-rule",
        "display": "ECA Rule"
      }
    ]
  },
  "status": "draft",
  "experimental": true,
  "date": "2025-08-06",
  "publisher": "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)",
  "contact": [
    {
      "telecom": [
        {
          "system": "url",
          "value": "https://www.cdc.gov"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "description": "Nonopioid therapies are preferred for subacute and chronic pain. Clinicians should maximize use of nonpharmacologic and nonopioid pharmacologic therapies as appropriate for the specific condition and patient and only consider initiating opioid therapy if expected benefits for pain and function are anticipated to outweigh risks to the patient. Before starting opioid therapy for subacute or chronic pain, clinicians should discuss with patients the realistic benefits and known risks of opioid therapy, should work with patients to establish treatment goals for pain and function, and should consider how opioid therapy will be discontinued if benefits do not outweigh risks.",
  "useContext": [
    {
      "code": {
        "system": "http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/usage-context-type",
        "code": "focus",
        "display": "Clinical Focus"
      },
      "valueCodeableConcept": {
        "coding": [
          {
            "system": "http://snomed.info/sct",
            "code": "182888003",
            "display": "Medication requested (situation)"
          }
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "code": {
        "system": "http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/usage-context-type",
        "code": "focus",
        "display": "Clinical Focus"
      },
      "valueCodeableConcept": {
        "coding": [
          {
            "system": "http://snomed.info/sct",
            "code": "82423001",
            "display": "Chronic pain (finding)"
          }
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "code": {
        "system": "http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/usage-context-type",
        "code": "focus",
        "display": "Clinical Focus"
      },
      "valueCodeableConcept": {
        "text": "Subacute pain"
      }
    }
  ],
  "purpose": "The 2022 CDC Clinical Practice Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Pain is intended to improve communication between clinicians and patients about the benefits and risks of pain treatments, including opioid therapy; improve the effectiveness and safety of pain treatment; mitigate pain; improve function and quality of life for patients with pain; and reduce risks associated with opioid pain therapy, including opioid use disorder, overdose, and death. The recommendations do not apply to pain related to sickle cell disease or cancer or to patients receiving palliative or end-of-life care.",
  "usage": "Before starting opioid therapy for subacute or chronic pain, clinicians should discuss with patients the realistic benefits and known risks of opioid therapy, should work with patients to establish treatment goals for pain and function, and should consider how opioid therapy will be discontinued if benefits do not outweigh risks.",
  "copyright": "© CDC 2016+.",
  "topic": [
    {
      "text": "Opioid Prescribing"
    }
  ],
  "author": [
    {
      "name": "Kensaku Kawamoto, MD, PhD, MHS"
    },
    {
      "name": "Bryn Rhodes"
    },
    {
      "name": "Floyd Eisenberg, MD, MPH"
    },
    {
      "name": "Robert McClure, MD, MPH"
    }
  ],
  "relatedArtifact": [
    {
      "type": "documentation",
      "display": "2022 CDC Clinical Practice Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Pain",
      "url": "https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm",
      "document": {
        "url": "https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm"
      }
    }
  ],
  "library": [
    "http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/Library/OpioidCDSREC02"
  ],
  "action": [
    {
      "extension": [
        {
          "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-strengthOfRecommendation",
          "valueCodeableConcept": {
            "coding": [
              {
                "system": "http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/recommendation-strength",
                "code": "strong",
                "display": "Strong"
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "url": "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-qualityOfEvidence",
          "valueCodeableConcept": {
            "coding": [
              {
                "system": "http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/evidence-quality",
                "code": "moderate",
                "display": "Moderate quality"
              }
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "title": "Maximize Nonopioid Therapies as Appropriate",
      "description": "For many types of subacute and chronic pain, consider maximizing the use of nonpharmacologic and nonopioid pharmacologic therapies as appropriate.\r\n\r\n[Recommendation 2 of the CDC 2022 Clinical Prescribing Guideline](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm#Recommendation2) provides nonopioid therapy recommendations for common subacute and acute pain conditions.\r\n\r\n**Nonopioid Pharmacological Therapy**\r\n- [Back pain (chronic, moderate to severe)](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm#:~:text=For%20moderate%20to%20severe%20chronic%20back%20pain%20or%20hip%20or%20knee%20osteoarthritis%20pain%2C%20a%20nonopioid%20strategy%20starting%20with%20acetaminophen%20or%20NSAIDs%20results%20in%20improved%20pain%20intensity%20with%20fewer%20side%20effects%20compared%20with%20a%20strategy%20starting%20with%20opioids%20(74))\r\n- [Fibromyalgia](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm#:~:text=In%20patients%20with%20fibromyalgia%2C%20multiple,effectiveness%20is%20limited%20(8).)\r\n- [Hip or knee osteoarthritis pain (chronic)](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm#:~:text=or%20hip%20or%20knee%20osteoarthritis%20pain%2C%20a%20nonopioid%20strategy%20starting%20with%20acetaminophen%20or%20NSAIDs%20results%20in%20improved%20pain%20intensity%20with%20fewer%20side%20effects%20compared%20with%20a%20strategy%20starting%20with%20opioids%20(74).)\r\n- [Neuropathic pain syndromes](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm#:~:text=Tricyclic%20antidepressants%2C%20SNRI%20antidepressants%2C%20selected%20anticonvulsants%2C%20or%20transdermal%20lidocaine%20are%20recommended%20for%20neuropathic%20pain%20syndromes%20(e.g.%2C%20diabetic%20neuropathy%20or%20postherpetic%20neuralgia)%20(156).)\r\n- [Temporomandibular disorder](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm#:~:text=For%20temporomandibular%20disorder%20pain%20that%20is%20not%20sufficiently%20improved%20with%20nonpharmacologic%20interventions%2C%20NSAIDs%20can%20be%20effective%20(179%2C180).)\r\n\r\n**Nonpharmacologic Treatments**\r\n- [Back pain (chronic)](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm#:~:text=Clinicians%20should%20recommend%20appropriate%20noninvasive%20nonpharmacologic%20approaches%20to%20help%20manage%20chronic%20pain%2C%20such%20as%20exercise%20(e.g.%2C%20aerobic%2C%20aquatic%2C%20or%20resistance%20exercises)%20or%20exercise%20therapy%20(a%20prominent%20modality%20in%20physical%20therapy)%20for%20back%20pain)\r\n- [Back pain (low back, chronic)](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm#:~:text=loss%20for%20knee%20osteoarthritis%3B%20manual%20therapies%20for%20hip%20osteoarthritis%3B-,psychological%20therapy%2C%20spinal%20manipulation%2C%20low%2Dlevel%20laser%20therapy%2C%20massage%2C%20mindfulness%2Dbased%20stress%20reduction%2C%20yoga%2C%20acupuncture%2C%20and%20multidisciplinary%20rehabilitation%20for%20low%20back%20pain,-%3B%20mind%2Dbody%20practices%20(e.g.%2C%20yoga%2C%20tai%20chi%2C%20or)\r\n- [Fibromyalgia](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm#:~:text=massage%2C%20and%20acupuncture%20for%20neck%20pain%3B%20cognitive-,behavioral%20therapy%2C%20myofascial%20release%20massage%2C%20mindfulness%20practices%2C%20tai%20chi%2C%20qigong%2C%20acupuncture%2C%20and%20multidisciplinary%20rehabilitation%20for%20fibromyalgia,-%3B%20and%20spinal%20manipulation%20for%20tension%20headache%20()\r\n- [Headache (tension)](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm#:~:text=and%20spinal%20manipulation%20for%20tension%20headache.)\r\n- [Knee osteoarthritis pain (chronic)](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm#:~:text=Many%20noninvasive%20nonpharmacologic,for%20hip%20osteoarthritis%3B)\r\n- [Neck pain](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm#:~:text=mind%2Dbody%20practices%20(e.g.%2C%20yoga%2C%20tai%20chi%2C%20or%20qigong)%2C%20massage%2C%20and%20acupuncture%20for%20neck%20pain%3B)\r\n- [Temporomandibular disorder](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm#:~:text=For%20temporomandibular%20disorder%20pain%2C%20patient%20education%20and%20self%2Dcare%20can%20be%20effective%2C%20as%20can%20occlusal%20splints%20for%20some%20patients%20and%20biobehavioral%20therapy%20for%20prevention%20of%20disabling%20symptoms%20(172%2C173).)",
      "priority": "urgent",
      "trigger": [
        {
          "type": "named-event",
          "name": "order-sign"
        }
      ],
      "condition": [
        {
          "kind": "applicability",
          "expression": {
            "description": "Check whether the current order is for an opioid with ambulatory misuse potential, a pain treatment plan has been established or edited within the past 90 days, a pain management procedure occurred within the past 90 days, the patient is opioid naive and if the 2022 CDC guideline general inclusion criteria is met",
            "language": "text/cql.identifier",
            "expression": "Is Recommendation Applicable?"
          }
        }
      ],
      "groupingBehavior": "visual-group",
      "selectionBehavior": "any",
      "action": [
        {
          "description": "Document - Collaborated with patient to identify treatment goals"
        },
        {
          "description": "Snooze* - Attempting alternate therapy, snooze 3 months"
        },
        {
          "description": "Order - Select alternative therapies from order select"
        },
        {
          "description": "Snooze* - N/A see comment, snooze 3 months"
        },
        {
          "description": "Remove - Will remove triggering medication order"
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}